tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7892182535764311642024-03-16T14:51:17.210-04:00The Shame of Our CityA forum to discuss Richmond, VA Public Schools and the politics of the City of RichmondUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger609125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-87740204504507782772023-01-22T22:18:00.004-05:002023-01-24T08:44:24.106-05:00What Do They Learn When They’re Not In School?<blockquote><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Libre, Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8125rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.4375em; overflow-wrap: normal;">By John R. Butcher</h1><div class="entry-meta" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-style: italic; margin: 0px 0px 3.5em;"><span class="posted-on" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px;">Posted on <a href="https://crankytaxpayer.wordpress.com/2023/01/22/what-do-they-learn-when-theyre-not-in-school/" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-01-22T16:42:54-05:00" style="box-sizing: inherit;">January 22, 2023 </time><span class="byline" style="box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;">by <span class="author vcard" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></span></a><a class="url fn n" href="https://crankytaxpayer.wordpress.com/author/crankyornot/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">cranky</a></span></div><div class="entry-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.75em;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">A kind reader tells me that <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/40915/638091347045770000" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">Table 6</a> in the <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/data-policy-funding/data-reports/statistics-reports/superintendent-s-annual-report" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">Superintendent’s Annual Report</a> is up with the 2021-22 division dropout count totals for Grades 7-12. Juxtaposing those data with the 2021-22 <a href="https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/buildatable/fallmembership" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">fall enrollments</a> produces the following distribution.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image-1.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="454" scale="2" src-orig="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-1.png?w=775&h=550" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-1.png?w=518&h=368" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-1.png?w=518&h=368&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="640" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">The red bars, from the left are Hampton, Newport News, and Norfolk. The gold bar is Richmond. The division average is 1.68.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Here are the top and bottom dozen divisions.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image-3.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="400" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-3.png?w=199&h=244" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-3.png?w=199&h=244&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="326" /></a> <a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image-4.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="400" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-4.png?w=199&h=244" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-4.png?w=199&h=244&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="326" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">Here is the entire list.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image-5.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="3151" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-5.png?w=194&h=2290" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2023/01/image_thumb-5.png?w=194&h=2290&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="267" /></a></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"></p><div class="sharedaddy" id="jp-post-flair" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><div class="jp-relatedposts" id="jp-relatedposts" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; margin: 1em 0px; padding-top: 1em; position: relative;"><h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: inline-block; float: left; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b5394; 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Every Monday morning (starting today), Word In Black's weekly education newsletter will land in your inbox, featuring our reporting that confronts K-12 inequities, elevates solutions, and amplifies the Black experience.</em></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2454" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_spacer" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2454"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2454" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td height="30" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><div class="yiv0073189246spacer" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 30px; 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display: block; max-width: 100%; outline: none; visibility: visible; width: 600px;" width="600" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2458" style="outline: none; padding: 0px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: initial; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_text yiv0073189246style2458" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2458" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2458" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 25px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" class="yiv0073189246td_text yiv0073189246td_block" id="yiv0073189246text_div2445" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" valign="top" width="600"><div style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="yiv0073189246" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;"><a class="yiv0073189246" href="https://wordinblack.bluelena.io/Prod/link-tracker?redirectUrl=aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3b3JkaW5ibGFjay5jb20lMkYyMDIyJTJGMTAlMkZtZWV0LXRoZS1leHBlcnRzLW1ha2luZy1jb2xsZWdlLWFkbWlzc2lvbnMtZWFzaWVyLWZvci1ibGFjay1raWRzJTJGJTNGdXRtX3NvdXJjZSUzREFjdGl2ZUNhbXBhaWduJTI2dXRtX21lZGl1bSUzRGVtYWlsJTI2dXRtX2NvbnRlbnQlM0RXZWxjb21lJTJCdG8lMkJIb21lcm9vbSUyNnV0bV9jYW1wYWlnbiUzRG9uZSUyQm9mZiUyNTNBJTJCRWR1Y2F0aW9uJTJCbmV3c2xldHRlciUyQjEwJTJCMjQ=&sig=HZukGmMfpxygcZ9FiyB7PmRHwzuVteZ6fkBphWpJmozi&iat=1666617191&a=%7C%7C91548834%7C%7C&account=wordinblack%2Eactivehosted%2Ecom&email=BZ%2FvQ1M72A0UWW3ijBNazA%3D%3D&s=63a32e75589219819d7c170dc127e53c&i=78A106A1A1144" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #005059; cursor: pointer; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">Meet the Experts Making College Admissions Easier for Black Kids</span></a><br />"The Black Family’s Guide to College Admissions" sparks a much-needed "conversation about education, parenting, and race."</span><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"></p></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2481" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_spacer" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2481"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2481" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td height="30" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><div class="yiv0073189246spacer" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 30px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv0073189246spacer-body" height="30" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2479" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr align="center" class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_picture" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2479"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2479" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" class="yiv0073189246image-td" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"><img src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.app-us1.com%2Fcdn-cgi%2Fimage%2Fdpr%3D2%2Cfit%3Dscale-down%2Cformat%3Dauto%2Conerror%3Dredirect%2Cwidth%3D650%2FzM9V1%2F2022%2F10%2F19%2F31d54798-a8dc-430e-bc0e-d1bf4a61ae6b.png%3Fr%3D2047607675&t=1666635355&ymreqid=82e7822b-dfeb-55bb-2f2c-5a000e019a00&sig=m42KxXCdQURDqOD7O5mPFQ--~D" style="border: none; display: block; max-width: 100%; outline: none; visibility: visible; width: 600px;" width="600" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2484" style="outline: none; padding: 0px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: initial; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_text yiv0073189246style2484" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2484" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2484" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 25px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" class="yiv0073189246td_text yiv0073189246td_block" id="yiv0073189246text_div2471" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" valign="top" width="600"><div style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="yiv0073189246" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;"><a class="yiv0073189246" href="https://wordinblack.bluelena.io/Prod/link-tracker?redirectUrl=aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3b3JkaW5ibGFjay5jb20lMkYyMDIyJTJGMTAlMkZ0aGUtc3RhdGUtb2YtYmxhY2stZWR1Y2F0aW9uLXdoYXRzLXJlYWxseS1nb2luZy1vbiUyRiUzRnV0bV9zb3VyY2UlM0RBY3RpdmVDYW1wYWlnbiUyNnV0bV9tZWRpdW0lM0RlbWFpbCUyNnV0bV9jb250ZW50JTNEV2VsY29tZSUyQnRvJTJCSG9tZXJvb20lMjZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ24lM0RvbmUlMkJvZmYlMjUzQSUyQkVkdWNhdGlvbiUyQm5ld3NsZXR0ZXIlMkIxMCUyQjI0&sig=D7So5x2WMVnp8qXSymJvahPiECR1trUfrrYNvyoZiy6f&iat=1666617191&a=%7C%7C91548834%7C%7C&account=wordinblack%2Eactivehosted%2Ecom&email=BZ%2FvQ1M72A0UWW3ijBNazA%3D%3D&s=63a32e75589219819d7c170dc127e53c&i=78A106A1A1145" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #005059; cursor: pointer; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">The State of Black Education: What’s Really Going on?</span></a><br /><span class="yiv0073189246" style="line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">Fedrick C. Ingram, the secretary-treasurer of the American Federation of Teachers, says inequity hasn’t disappeared, but the challenges we’re facing won’t stop us.</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"></p></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2483" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_spacer" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2483"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2483" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td height="25" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><div class="yiv0073189246spacer" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 25px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv0073189246spacer-body" height="25" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2482" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr align="center" class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_picture" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2482"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2482" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" class="yiv0073189246image-td" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"><img src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.app-us1.com%2Fcdn-cgi%2Fimage%2Fdpr%3D2%2Cfit%3Dscale-down%2Cformat%3Dauto%2Conerror%3Dredirect%2Cwidth%3D650%2FzM9V1%2F2022%2F10%2F19%2Fa75871df-640a-40d5-a48a-a622fbbb2555.jpeg%3Fr%3D733371880&t=1666635355&ymreqid=82e7822b-dfeb-55bb-2f2c-5a000e019a00&sig=9jEWG.XF63tAe68YK74EXg--~D" style="border: none; display: block; max-width: 100%; outline: none; visibility: visible; width: 600px;" width="600" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2480" style="outline: none; padding: 0px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: initial; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_text yiv0073189246style2480" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2480" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2480" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 25px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" class="yiv0073189246td_text yiv0073189246td_block" id="yiv0073189246text_div2467" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" valign="top" width="600"><div style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="yiv0073189246" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;"><a class="yiv0073189246" href="https://wordinblack.bluelena.io/Prod/link-tracker?redirectUrl=aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3b3JkaW5ibGFjay5jb20lMkYyMDIyJTJGMDklMkZoaWdoLXNjaG9vbGVycy1sYXVuY2gtY2l2aWwtcmlnaHRzLXRvdXItYXBwJTJGJTNGdXRtX3NvdXJjZSUzREFjdGl2ZUNhbXBhaWduJTI2dXRtX21lZGl1bSUzRGVtYWlsJTI2dXRtX2NvbnRlbnQlM0RXZWxjb21lJTJCdG8lMkJIb21lcm9vbSUyNnV0bV9jYW1wYWlnbiUzRG9uZSUyQm9mZiUyNTNBJTJCRWR1Y2F0aW9uJTJCbmV3c2xldHRlciUyQjEwJTJCMjQ=&sig=AS4QThvL17apvMYnVc6GTscAJL2dUsq2ujbYDs4dP62L&iat=1666617191&a=%7C%7C91548834%7C%7C&account=wordinblack%2Eactivehosted%2Ecom&email=BZ%2FvQ1M72A0UWW3ijBNazA%3D%3D&s=63a32e75589219819d7c170dc127e53c&i=78A106A1A1156" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #005059; cursor: pointer; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span class="yiv0073189246" style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">High Schoolers Launch Civil Rights Tour App</span></a><br /><span class="yiv0073189246" style="line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">Two Washington, D.C.-area high school students have created an interactive app that highlights the history of civil rights in the District.</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"></p></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2485" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_spacer" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2485"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2485" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; 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font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" class="yiv0073189246image-td" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"><img src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.app-us1.com%2Fcdn-cgi%2Fimage%2Fdpr%3D2%2Cfit%3Dscale-down%2Cformat%3Dauto%2Conerror%3Dredirect%2Cwidth%3D650%2FzM9V1%2F2022%2F10%2F19%2Fcb5daf94-6704-41a8-890b-d7639480cc22.png%3Fr%3D1970424244&t=1666635355&ymreqid=82e7822b-dfeb-55bb-2f2c-5a000e019a00&sig=FD5rkf4I0pxcVbYw7tenUg--~D" style="border: none; display: block; max-width: 100%; outline: none; visibility: visible; width: 600px;" width="600" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2491" style="outline: none; padding: 0px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: initial; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_text yiv0073189246style2491" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2491" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2491" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 25px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" class="yiv0073189246td_text yiv0073189246td_block" id="yiv0073189246text_div2478" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" valign="top" width="600"><div style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span style="font-size: inherit; 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cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">Education Advocates Say Chess Can Be an Integral Part of a Child’s Development</span></a><br /></span><span class="yiv0073189246" style="line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">According to chess experts and educators, chess can enhance analytical thinking and planning skills, elevate creativity, and improve memory.</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"></p></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2489" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_spacer" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2489"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2489" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td height="25" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><div class="yiv0073189246spacer" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 25px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv0073189246spacer-body" height="25" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2490" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr align="center" class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_picture" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2490"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2490" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" class="yiv0073189246image-td" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"><img src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.app-us1.com%2Fcdn-cgi%2Fimage%2Fdpr%3D2%2Cfit%3Dscale-down%2Cformat%3Dauto%2Conerror%3Dredirect%2Cwidth%3D650%2FzM9V1%2F2022%2F10%2F19%2Fa722baad-e036-4d2f-a6ad-fc8124d07815.png%3Fr%3D1569528886&t=1666635355&ymreqid=82e7822b-dfeb-55bb-2f2c-5a000e019a00&sig=A25c3BTtGNGNqW_035j1tA--~D" style="border: none; display: block; max-width: 100%; outline: none; visibility: visible; width: 600px;" width="600" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2487" style="outline: none; padding: 0px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: initial; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_text yiv0073189246style2487" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2487" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2487" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 25px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" class="yiv0073189246td_text yiv0073189246td_block" id="yiv0073189246text_div2474" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" valign="top" width="600"><div style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="yiv0073189246" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="yiv0073189246" style="font-size: 24px; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;"><a class="yiv0073189246" href="https://wordinblack.bluelena.io/Prod/link-tracker?redirectUrl=aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3b3JkaW5ibGFjay5jb20lMkYyMDIyJTJGMTAlMkZjaXR5cy1jb2xsZWdlLWNob2ljZS1wcm9ncmFtLXRvLWNvdmVyLXNjaG9vbC1jb3N0cy1mb3Itc3R1ZGVudHMtaW4tZm9zdGVyLWNhcmUlMkYlM0Z1dG1fc291cmNlJTNEQWN0aXZlQ2FtcGFpZ24lMjZ1dG1fbWVkaXVtJTNEZW1haWwlMjZ1dG1fY29udGVudCUzRFdlbGNvbWUlMkJ0byUyQkhvbWVyb29tJTI2dXRtX2NhbXBhaWduJTNEb25lJTJCb2ZmJTI1M0ElMkJFZHVjYXRpb24lMkJuZXdzbGV0dGVyJTJCMTAlMkIyNA==&sig=E8CtWoMXZNGzjqcUESh6qXY8EvKdiBA8JcouKB3hDiQ&iat=1666617191&a=%7C%7C91548834%7C%7C&account=wordinblack%2Eactivehosted%2Ecom&email=BZ%2FvQ1M72A0UWW3ijBNazA%3D%3D&s=63a32e75589219819d7c170dc127e53c&i=78A106A1A1148" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #005059; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">City’s 'College Choice' Program to Cover School Costs for Students in Foster Care</span></a><br /></span><span class="yiv0073189246" style="line-height: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;">College Choice will provide college students in foster care with a daily stipend and remaining costs of college tuition — up to $15,000 each year.</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"></p></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-margin2475" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr class="yiv0073189246layout yiv0073189246layout-row yiv0073189246widget yiv0073189246_widget_spacer" id="yiv0073189246layout-row2475"><td id="yiv0073189246layout-row-padding2475" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td height="25" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><div class="yiv0073189246spacer" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 25px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv0073189246spacer-body" height="25" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="650"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-27804751130872988482022-09-23T19:02:00.025-04:002022-09-25T19:41:09.957-04:00<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;">My friend, John R. Butcher a/k/a “Cranky,” has been crunching numbers again. I’ve reposted his latest handiwork here. </span><span style="color: #990000;">Many thanks, Mr. Butcher!</span></span></p><p> </p><div class="content-area" id="primary" style="box-sizing: inherit; caret-color: rgb(64, 64, 64); color: #404040; float: left; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", Libre, Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px -200px 0px 0px; width: 800px;"><main class="site-main" id="main" role="main" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 256px 0px 0px;"><article class="post-269 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized" id="post-269" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 3.5em;"><header class="entry-header" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; font-size: 2.9375rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.4375em; overflow-wrap: normal;">The Best and Worst 2022 School SOLs</h1><div class="entry-meta" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-style: italic; margin: 0px 0px 3.5em;"><span class="posted-on" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px;">Posted on <a href="https://crankytaxpayer.wordpress.com/2022/09/23/the-best-and-worst-2022-school-sols/" rel="bookmark" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2022-09-23T12:55:41-04:00" style="box-sizing: inherit;">September 23, 2022</time></a></span><span class="byline" style="box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: inline; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;">by <span class="author vcard" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://crankytaxpayer.wordpress.com/author/crankyornot/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">cranky</a></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.75em;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">Returning to the 2022 <a href="https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex/f?p=152:1:11813076168335:::::" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">SOL data</a>, here are the top and bottom twenty schools in reading and math. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">As a reminder: <b><a href="https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=000783915327965917031:ydjbl4xbjqo&q=https://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/bat-data-dictionary.docx&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjutv_Cioz0AhUIrHIEHfy3CEEQFnoECAEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw11Nd3KdPra2UyQfrCHObpx" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">Economically disadvantaged</a> (“ED”) students</b> (essentially those who qualify for the federal <b><a href="https://www.fns.usda.gov/cn/income-eligibility-guidelines" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">free lunch program</a>) </b>on average underperform their more affluent peers (“Not ED”) by <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic;">ca</span>. twenty points, depending on the test. This renders the school and division SOL data misleading because the averages are altered by the relative numbers of ED students. The data below are broken out for both the <b>ED</b> and <b>Not ED</b> groups. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">And a caveat: Because of its <a href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/bat-suppression-rules.docx" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">suppression rules</a> (essentially, no datum if <10 students in a group), VDOE does not report data for one or both subjects for 54 schools. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">To start, here the top twenty averages on the reading tests, first for Not ED students and then, ED. The Richmond schools are highlighted in yellow. The blue highlights are schools in Region 7 (SW Virginia), where the <a href="https://crankytaxpayer.wordpress.com/2022/09/05/cip-lights-the-way/" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">Comprehensive Instructional Plan</a> was founded. </p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image-60.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="417" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-54.png?w=395&h=417" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-54.png?w=395&h=417&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="395" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image-61.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="414" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-55.png?w=394&h=414" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-55.png?w=394&h=414&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="394" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">Then, the bottom twenty.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image-62.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="413" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-56.png?w=391&h=413" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-56.png?w=391&h=413&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="391" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image-63.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="411" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-57.png?w=391&h=411" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-57.png?w=391&h=411&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="391" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">Next, math, the top 20.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image12.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="416" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image12_thumb.png?w=394&h=416" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image12_thumb.png?w=394&h=416&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="394" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image15.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="416" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image15_thumb.png?w=395&h=416" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image15_thumb.png?w=395&h=416&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="395" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">And the bottom.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image-64.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="414" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-58.png?w=392&h=414" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-58.png?w=392&h=414&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="392" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image22.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="413" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image22_thumb.png?w=392&h=413" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image22_thumb.png?w=392&h=413&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="392" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;">Finally, let’s average the four pass rates to obtain an overall measure of school performance.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image-65.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="430" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-59.png?w=391&h=430" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image_thumb-59.png?w=391&h=430&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="391" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><a class="no-line" href="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image3.png" style="box-shadow: transparent 0px 0px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="431" scale="2" src="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image3_thumb.png?w=392&h=431" srcset="https://crankytaxpayer.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/image3_thumb.png?w=392&h=431&zoom=2 2x" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="392" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.75em; margin-top: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">Preview of Coming Attraction</strong>: You may have noticed the <a href="https://schoolprofiles.fcps.edu/schlprfl/f?p=108%3A50%3A%3A%3A%3A%3AP0_CURRENT_SCHOOL_ID%3A300" style="box-shadow: currentcolor 0px 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s;">Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology</a> at 100% on all five top-20 lists and wondered why all the other Governor’s Schools are absent from those lists. Short answer: The VDOE pretends that students at all the full time Governor’s schools except for TJ are students at high schools (that they don’t attend) in their home districts. Longer answer: Stay tuned for a later post.</p></div><footer class="entry-footer" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-style: italic;"></footer></article><nav aria-label="Posts" class="navigation post-navigation" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.4375rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.875em 0px;"><h2 class="screen-reader-text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; clip-path: inset(50%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-size: 1.8125rem; height: 1px; left: -1000em; line-height: 1.3; margin: -1px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px;">Post navigation</h2><div class="nav-links" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></div></nav></main></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-78658277562398602092022-06-09T18:21:00.008-04:002022-06-13T19:08:45.577-04:00Time to Play Hardball!<span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Déjà Vu All Over Again</span></span><br /><br /><span><b>by Carol A.O. Wolf </b></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR-sicc_sMkWyhMa0cqZXLwZ8hZC_c36_s9zfwUOh-YHZBTyIz-c5D15Xh5_ILP4drZwhT0xqA6npZYYSz5c3bwk2u4umjs4CtvOREHLZx7JYjrxQnrwwr_vTxzsmmUPnpZ_WkLYxYrKs0mMB7iuPN7WVr4BsYHNloimgdMeq6VFsg1yeFlsvTdCPR/s1100/p.txt-6.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="850" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR-sicc_sMkWyhMa0cqZXLwZ8hZC_c36_s9zfwUOh-YHZBTyIz-c5D15Xh5_ILP4drZwhT0xqA6npZYYSz5c3bwk2u4umjs4CtvOREHLZx7JYjrxQnrwwr_vTxzsmmUPnpZ_WkLYxYrKs0mMB7iuPN7WVr4BsYHNloimgdMeq6VFsg1yeFlsvTdCPR/w309-h400/p.txt-6.jpeg" width="309" /></a></div><br /></div>The recent dust-up concerning the fate of the Arthur Ash Jr. Athletic Center is, in the words of the great baseball philosopher Yogi Berra, "déjà vu all over again."<br /><span><span><br />Richmond Mayor Levar Stoney is once again pitching a can’t lose, big deal -- this time promising a brand new mini-city complete with state-of-the-art baseball stadium, restaurants, retail shops, microbreweries, and apartments for both the rich and unrich. </span><br /><br /><span>Since those who don’t know their history are doomed to repeat it, I am obliged to offer this sad and shameful history lesson about a 2012 ‘can’t lose, big deal’ involving previous Richmond City Mayor Dwight C. Jones, the pro football team now known as the Washington Commanders, the Bon Secours Health System and the city’s Economic Development Authority. </span><br /><br /><span>Basically, they stole the Westhampton School property. </span><br /><br /><span>Blinded by the glitz of Washington team owner Dan Snyder’s PR folks and many local cheerleaders, the very people charged with protecting Richmond’s public-school children decided to sacrifice them instead.</span><br /><br /><span>Giddy with the thought that an NFL team might come to Richmond, City Hall denizens used the 1917 historic school to anchor the deal. The plan was to transfer primo Westhampton real estate to Bon Secours and use the money to build a multi-million-dollar, state-of-the-art training facility with pristine turf for the team. </span><br /><br /><span>In return, Bon Secours would build and operate a sports clinic at the team’s field and a neighborhood health clinic in the underserved East End. It took Bon Secours nearly a decade to fulfill the promise until local business leader, Steve Markel, lost patience and publicly complained. (</span>For more on this, click here). <span>To be sure, there was plenty of old-fashioned backslapping by the Economic Development Authority members and city officials spewing pie-in-the-blue-sky promises that never materialized for local businesses or taxpayers.</span><br /><br /><span>And, in a move that truly stupefied taxpayers, the city even agreed to pay the NFL team, then one of the world’s richest sports franchises valued at $3 billion, a ridiculous tribute of $500,000 a year to help offset their costs of coming to Richmond for a three-week training camp once a year. </span><br /><br /><span>Proving themselves to be colossally bad not only at deal-making but also basic math, the City of Richmond’s wheeler-dealers leased the Westhampton School property to Bon Secours for only $33,000 a year for 60 years, thereby cheating the schools (and the city) out of tens of millions of dollars that would have been realized had the property been sold on the open market, according to local realtors. </span><br /><br /><span>They did this, according to one city administration staff member, to get around the 2008 ordinance approved unanimously by Richmond City Council — clearly stipulating that payments arising from the “sale” of “school properties” would be placed in a reserve fund and “only used for either new school construction or for the capital repair and renovation of existing school properties.”</span><br /><br /><span>Now, a decade and millions of dollars later, Mayor LevarStoney is stepping up to the plate on this baseball deal with two strikes – the Navy Hill and the Richmond casino -- and the score lopsided against him. With his political future on the line, he is swinging for the fences. </span><br /><br /><span>To achieve this, Stoney has gotten the interim city attorney to throw a spitball of legal jargon to confuse the public and the media and to lend a patina of propriety to the city's latest attempt at pulling off a steal of a deal. Like the disastrous Washington team deal, this new scheme would deny Richmond Public Schools much-needed money to repair decrepit buildings. </span><br /><br /><span>Meanwhile, members of Team Stoney are spinning PR nonsense suggesting that school officials were upset over the Washington deal simply because city kids did not get to play on the field as much as they had hoped. In football, that’s what’s called a fake handoff.</span><br /><br /><span>Wrong. Seriously wrong. Just do the math, folks—a $30 million property and an ongoing obligation to pay an out-of-state billionaire $500,000 annually were exchanged for a lease valued at about $4 million, some empty promises of revenues for local businesses, and the chance for a few people to stand while watching some pro football players practice. </span><br /><br /><span>In this latest deal, rather than use the real estate of an actual school, the mayor wants to use school property — the 6,000-seat Arthur Ashe Athletic Center in Northside on Arthur Ashe Boulevard. A May 13 letter from interim city attorney Haskell Brown tries to justify the mayor’s scheme. Writing to the School Board’s attorney, </span><a href="#">Jonnell Lilly</a><span>, Brown asserts that because the city has “title" to the Ashe Center and the land it occupies, the School Board has no say in what happens to it and, significantly, the school system is not entitled to anything from the sale. </span><br /><br /><span>Wrong again. Not only does the letter ignore two (!) Richmond City Council ordinances, (click here to <a href="https://richmondva.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=5177164&GUID=62DA5BF3-8B77-45E9-9648-F61481F7BC0C&Options=ID|Text|&Search=2008-1-81" target="_blank">read the 2008 Ordinance</a> and here to <a href="https://richmondva.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=5180015&GUID=283AAB38-E9D2-4CBF-9F14-FE5E803D463F&Options=ID|Text|&Search=2013-22" target="_blank">read the 2013 Ordinance</a>), but it attempts to bolster the city’s position by bizarrely citing </span><a href="#">a 1906 Jim-Crow-era</a><span> decision which states "a school is a place of primary instruction, an establishment for the instruction of children; as a primary school, a common school, a grammar school.” Brown pretends that the ordinance and the applicable state statute apply only to actual schools, when in fact they apply to “school property.”</span><br /><br /><span>Brown’s letter blithely states that “the city built the center in 1982” and “at some point the School Board began operating the center, seemingly without any contractual arrangement or other authorization for such operation.” Brown further asserts that because the Ashe Center has been used for a variety of community events, not just school-related events, it ceases to be a school. He makes it sound like no one was paying attention and the School Board stupidly took on the city’s obligation to pay for the Ashe Center, which is really a community center. </span><br /><br /><span>But there is a logical explanation concerning why the School Board has been paying all expenses for the center and has had exclusive management of the center for four decades now: The School Board is doing its legal duty and membersarefulfilling their oaths of office.</span><br /><br /><span>While Brown’s missive admits that the Center “has served … as an athletic facility for students in Richmond Public Schools,” he argues that, because the School Board has allowed the center to be used for events benefiting the community (for example, politician Bernie Sanders drew a large rally crowd there), those uses somehow disqualify it from being “school property.” </span><br /><br /><span>There is exactly zero legal support for that argument. Everyone has witnessed their children’s schools being used for community events as opposed to strictly student events, and neither the Virginia Code nor the cited ordinance nor any case law recognizes such non-educational uses as transforming school property into non-school property. </span><br /><br /><span>Most egregiously, Brown’s letter ignores a judicial decision right on point. To quote Ring Lardner, “you could look it up,” Mr. Brown. The case is <a href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2291813/bacon-v-city-of-richmond/" target="_blank">Bacon v. City of Richmond</a>, in which the city asked the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals to rule that it did not have to pay to bring schools into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) because cities really have no control over school property. The court obliged the city and held that the “School Board is the legal entity charged with the care, management, and control of school property.” </span><br /><br /><span>Writing for a unanimous panel and citing Virginia Code § 22.1-79(2), Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson III stated that it is the duty of the School Board to “care for, manage and control” school property and “provide for the erecting, furnishing, equipping, and non-instructional operating of necessary school buildings and appurtenances.” Therefore, the city had no responsibility to pay for ADA improvements; that cost was 100% on the School Board.</span><br /><br /><span>In the case of the Ashe Center, the School Board uses the center as an athletic facility, an overflow facility, an event space, and an emergency relocation area —part and parcel of the “non-instructional” properties of a school district under Virginia law. </span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span><span>Again, as stated in Bacon v. City of Richmond, “the City of Richmond has no power to…control the day-to-day operation of local school buildings and their services and programs.” The court concluded that the city has “bare legal title” to school property, the way the trustee of a deed of trust has bare legal title to your home if you have a mortgage. But you have “equitable title,” which is all the benefits of ownership. The trustee is not the homeowner; you are. </span><br /><br /><span>So, Mr. Interim City Attorney, don’t tell us that the city has no obligation when it comes to shouldering the millions of dollars of expenses for our school’s adding ramps and elevators required by the ADA, but then it has the exclusive right to sell the school district’s athletic facility and pocket all the proceeds. As lawyers like to say, “a party can’t blow hot and cold at the same time.” You can’t assert one legal position when it benefits you, and then, when it suits you better, deny that position and assert the exact opposite. </span><br /><br /><span>Since Stoney has affirmed his support for the legal skills of the interim City Attorney on this matter, I am betting Judge Wilkinson knows more about the law than they do. </span><br /><br /><span>The Arthur Ashe Center belongs to Richmond Public Schools and can’t be taken away by Stoney or by City Council. City Council -- and the citizens they represent -- must insist on upholding both the letter and spirit of the law.</span><br /><br /><span>Consequently, we, the people, need to play hardball and not allow our mayor (or any other interest) to cheat the School Board out of money it desperately needs to fix our children’s public schools.</span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span><span> </span></span></span><div><br /></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-61861416613398039582022-03-06T15:11:00.000-05:002022-03-06T15:11:22.783-05:00<span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Editor’s Note: <br /><br />Thank goodness for my friend, John R. Butcher. While Richmond Public Schools Superintendent, Jason Kamras, and the members of the City of Richmond Public Schools (RPS) School Board have been busy battling one another, the mayor, City Council, the pandemic, virtual learning, missing laptops, lousy breakfasts and lunches, the fire at Fox Elementary and (whew!) how to find money to build a new George Wythe High School, Butcher has been keeping an eye on what matters most -- the students, those seen and not seen. Check out his latest data. Spoiler Alert: Not only does our school system have more dropouts than any other locality in Virginia, but we have more than three times the state average, according to data on the Virginia Department of Education website. ~ Carol Wolf</span><p><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><br /></span></p><header aria-label="Content" class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); word-wrap: break-word;"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 40px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Dropped Out 2021</span></h1><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-03-06T06:51:50-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">March 6, 2022</time></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky">cranky</a></span></span></span></span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">By John R. Butcher</span></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 17px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">It’s Spring! In Richmond, the daffodills are blooming and the 2020-2021 <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/supts_annual_report/2020-21/index.shtml" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Superintendent’s Annual Report</a> is sprouting data.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The Report has the <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/supts_annual_report/2020-21/2020-21-table-6.xlsx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">dropout</a> and Fall <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/supts_annual_report/2020-21/2020-2021-table-1.xlsx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">enrollment</a> data by division. Juxtaposing those, we can calculate the division percentages of dropouts.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/image.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="465" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/image_thumb.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="732" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Richmond with 1091 dropouts, 1.85% of the Fall enrollment, is the gold bar. The red bars are the peer cities, from the left Hampton, Newport News, and Norfolk. The blue bar is the State total. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The yellow bar at 0.86% is Lynchburg, with a hat-tip to <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=1612" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">a reader</a> (<u>the</u> reader?). The two empty slots at the bottom are Bath and Highland, both with zero dropouts.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Here are the data:</span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-spacing: 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px 1px; height: 3272px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; width: 270px;"><colgroup></colgroup><colgroup><col width="192"></col></colgroup><colgroup><col width="64"></col></colgroup><tbody style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tr height="24" style="border: 0px; height: 18pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" class="xl80" height="24" style="background-color: #7030a0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) white rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1.5pt 1px 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;" width="192"><p align="center" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Division Name</span></span></p></td><td align="center" class="xl83" style="background-color: #7030a0; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) currentcolor; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px medium; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;" width="64"><p align="center" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">% DO</span></span></p></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl72" height="20" style="border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Accomack County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl78" style="border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.72%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Albemarle County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.40%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Alexandria City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.65%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Alleghany County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.68%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Amelia County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.45%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Amherst County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.43%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Appomattox County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.27%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Arlington County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.38%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Augusta County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.32%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bath County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.00%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bedford County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.49%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bland County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.61%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Botetourt County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.28%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bristol City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.56%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Brunswick County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.06%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Buchanan County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.17%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Buckingham County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.26%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Buena Vista City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.91%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Campbell County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.33%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caroline County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.40%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Carroll County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.21%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Charles City County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.72%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Charlotte County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.18%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Charlottesville City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.84%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Chesapeake City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.52%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Chesterfield County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.69%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Clarke County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.06%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Colonial Beach</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.17%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Colonial Heights City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.37%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Covington City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.10%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Craig County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.56%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Culpeper County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.99%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Cumberland County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.69%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Danville City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.25%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dickenson County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.16%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dinwiddie County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.43%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Essex County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.34%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fairfax County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.64%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Falls Church City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.20%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fauquier County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.32%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Floyd County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.11%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fluvanna County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.65%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Franklin City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.92%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Franklin County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.78%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Frederick County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.65%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fredericksburg City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.44%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Galax City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.71%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Giles County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.18%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Gloucester County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.53%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Goochland County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.20%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Grayson County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.07%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Greene County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.28%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Greensville County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.54%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Halifax County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.70%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl76" height="20" style="background-color: red; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Hampton City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.25%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Hanover County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.28%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Harrisonburg City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.05%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Henrico County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.91%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Henry County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.42%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Highland County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.00%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Hopewell City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.48%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Isle of Wight County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.38%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">King George County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.85%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">King William County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.65%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">King and Queen County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.24%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lancaster County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.92%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lee County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.65%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lexington City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.08%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Loudoun County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.19%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Louisa County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.54%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lunenburg County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.39%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl71" height="20" style="background-color: yellow; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lynchburg City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.86%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Madison County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.06%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Manassas City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.84%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Manassas Park City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.20%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Martinsville City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.55%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mathews County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.09%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mecklenburg County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.74%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Middlesex County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.09%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Montgomery County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.52%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nelson County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.44%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">New Kent County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.07%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl76" height="20" style="background-color: red; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Newport News City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.61%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl76" height="20" style="background-color: red; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Norfolk City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.11%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Northampton County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.81%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Northumberland County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.17%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Norton City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.48%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nottoway County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.95%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Orange County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.19%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Page County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.13%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Patrick County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.42%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Petersburg City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.85%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pittsylvania County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.43%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Poquoson City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.34%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Portsmouth City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.79%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Powhatan County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.12%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Prince Edward County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.49%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Prince George County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.47%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Prince William County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.62%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pulaski County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.31%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Radford City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.12%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rappahannock County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.68%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl77" height="20" style="background-color: #ffc000; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Richmond City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.85%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Richmond County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.24%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Roanoke City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.10%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Roanoke County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.38%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rockbridge County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.02%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rockingham County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.40%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Russell County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.62%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Salem City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.27%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Scott County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.39%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shenandoah County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.32%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Smyth County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.15%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Southampton County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.68%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Spotsylvania County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.77%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Stafford County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.45%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Staunton City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.99%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Suffolk City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.60%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Surry County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.62%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sussex County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.10%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tazewell County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.36%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Virginia Beach City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.32%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Warren County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.34%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Washington County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.41%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Waynesboro City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.43%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">West Point</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.38%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Westmoreland County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.20%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Williamsburg-James City County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.44%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Winchester City</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.13%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Wise County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.11%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Wythe County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.21%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl65" height="20" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">York County</span><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span></span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.19%</span></td></tr><tr height="20" style="border: 0px; height: 15pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="xl75" height="20" style="background-color: #00b0f0; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">State Totals</span></td><td align="center" class="xl79" style="border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 0.5pt 0.5pt; margin: 0px; padding: 1px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0.58%</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-5871593214811102252021-10-07T13:53:00.019-04:002021-10-07T14:04:37.297-04:00<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Libre Baskerville";"><span style="color: #134f5c; font-size: x-large;">Proving the School-to-Prison Pipeline:</span></span></div><span style="color: #134f5c; font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><div style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;">Stricter middle schools raise the risk of adult arrests</span></i></div></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="256" src="https://www.educationnext.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ednext_XXI_4_bacher_hicks_img01.png" width="400" /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #073763;"><a href="https://www.educationnext.org/author/abacher-hicks">By Andrew Bacher-Hicks</a>, <a href="https://www.educationnext.org/author/sbbillings">Stephen B. Billings</a> and <a href="https://www.educationnext.org/author/ddeming">David J. Deming</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #073763;">Reposted from <i>Education Next</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #073763;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><i><blockquote><span style="color: #0b5394;">[Editor’s Note: Be forewarned -- this is a long article, but worth every minute it takes to read it. Now, given that this article focuses on the Charlotte-Mecklenberg School District, any volunteers willing to use this as a template and focus on Richmond Public Schools?] </span></blockquote></i></blockquote></div><blockquote><div><b>This spring, the Biden administration announced it would seek <a href="https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/202105-titlevi-rfi.pdf?utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term=">public comment</a> on student race and school climate, which was roundly viewed as a precursor to restoring an Obama-era directive to reduce racial disparities in discipline practices. Those guidelines, which were rescinded by former Secretary Betsy DeVos, have been variously described as a critical means of protecting students’ civil rights and a dangerous overreach by the federal government that prevented schools from keeping students safe.</b><br /><br />At issue is the school-to-prison pipeline—a term often used to describe the connection between exclusionary punishments like suspensions and expulsions and involvement in the criminal justice system. Black and Hispanic students are far more likely than white students to be suspended or expelled, and Black and Hispanic Americans are disproportionately represented in the nation’s prisons.<br /><br />Is there a causal link between experiencing strict school discipline as a student and being arrested or incarcerated as an adult? Research shows that <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/In-School-and-Out-of-Trouble-The-Minimum-Dropout-Anderson/c565146c74278e2efa468e34920c277bd1ebc6bd">completing more years of school</a> reduces subsequent criminal activity, as does <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24739070">enrolling in a higher-quality school</a> and <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4901649_The_Effect_of_Education_on_Crime_Evidence_from_Prison_Inmates_Arrests_and_Self-Reports">graduating from high school</a>. Yet there is little evidence on the mechanisms by which a school can have a long-run influence on criminal activity.<br /><br />To address this, we examine middle-school suspension rates in Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, where a large and sudden change in school-enrollment boundary lines resulted in half of all students changing schools in a single year. We estimate a school’s disciplinary strictness based on its suspension rates before the change and use this natural experiment to identify how attending a stricter school influences criminal activity in adulthood.<br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><b>Our analysis shows that young adolescents who attend schools with high suspension rates are substantially more likely to be arrested and jailed as adults. These long-term, negative impacts in adulthood apply across a school’s population, not just to students who are suspended during their school years.</b></span><br /><br />Students assigned to middle schools that are one standard deviation stricter—equivalent to being at the 84th percentile of strictness versus the mean—are 3.2 percentage points more likely to have ever been arrested and 2.5 percentage points more likely to have ever been incarcerated as adults. They also are 1.7 percentage points more likely to drop out of high school and 2.4 percentage points less likely to attend a 4-year college. These impacts are much larger for Black and Hispanic male students.<br /><br />We also find that principals, who have considerable discretion in meting out school discipline, are the major driver of differences in the number of suspensions from one school to the next. In tracking the movements of principals across schools, we see that principals’ effects on suspensions in one school predicts their effects on suspensions at another.<br /><br />Our findings show that early censure of school misbehavior causes increases in adult crime—that there is, in fact, a school-to-prison pipeline. Further, we find that the negative impacts from strict disciplinary environments are largest for minorities and males, suggesting that suspension policies expand preexisting gaps in educational attainment and incarceration. We do see some limited evidence of positive effects on the academic achievement of white male students, which highlights the potential to increase the achievement of some subgroups by removing disruptive peers. However, any effort to maintain safe and orderly school climates must take into account the clear and negative consequences of exclusionary discipline practices for young students, and especially young students of color, which last well into adulthood.<br /><br /><b>Desegregation in Charlotte-Mecklenburg</b><br /><br />For decades, school enrollment and bus routes in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district were designed to achieve racial integration. The busing plan was ordered by a state judge and upheld by a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1971, after the Swann family, who were Black, sued to reassign their 6-year-old son from an all-Black school to an integrated school closer to their home. The landmark <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/402/1/">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a> decision required the district to reassign students to new schools to balance their racial composition and influenced similar busing programs nationwide.<br /><br />It was another parent lawsuit that ultimately ended mandatory busing and redrew school-zone boundaries in Charlotte-Mecklenburg again. In 1997, a white parent named William Capacchione sued the district because he believed his child was denied entrance to a magnet program based on race. This case led to a series of court battles that ended with a 2001 ruling by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld an <a href="https://casetext.com/case/capacchione-v-charlotte-mecklenburg-schools-2">earlier state court order</a> to stop using race in school assignments. The district had “eliminated, to the extent practicable, the vestiges of past discrimination in the traditional areas of school operations,” the court ruled.<br /><br />As a result, over the summer of 2002, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools redrew school-attendance boundaries based only on classroom capacity and the geographical concentration of students around a building. This mechanical redistricting process rarely took advantage of environmental features such as streams and major roads, and was controversial because it often bisected existing neighborhoods. About half of all students changed schools between 2001–02 and 2002–03.<br /><br />For some students, that meant going from a school where suspensions were relatively rare to a school with a different approach to discipline (see Figure 1 for an example). While all schools are held to the district’s code of conduct and guidance by the North Carolina Department of Education, different schools have higher or lower rates of suspensions and expulsions.<br /><br />Many discussions about the school-to-prison pipeline center on the possibility that students experiencing suspension differ from other students in ways that could explain their higher levels of involvement in the criminal justice system later in life. The sudden reassignment of half of all Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools students in the summer of 2002 meant that students who live in the same neighborhoods and previously attended the same school could be assigned to attend very different schools in the fall. This creates a natural experiment to identify the impact of a school’s approach to discipline, which we use to identify a school’s influence on a range of outcomes in adulthood, including educational attainment and criminal activity.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="304" src="https://www.educationnext.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ednext_XXI_4_bacher_hicks_fig01.png" width="400" /></div><br /><b>A Natural Experiment</b><br /><br />Our analysis focuses on 26,246 middle-school students who experienced the boundary change because they were enrolled in a Charlotte-Mecklenburg school in both the 2001–02 and 2002–03 school years. We use district administrative records that track students from 1998–99 through 2010–11. The data include information on student demographics, test scores for grades 3 through 8 in math and reading, and annual counts of days suspended. Overall, 48 percent of students are Black, 39 percent are white, and 8 percent are Hispanic. On average, 23 percent of students are suspended at least once per school year, and the average suspension duration is 2.3 days.<br /><br />District records also include each student’s home address in every year, which we use to determine individual school assignments under the busing and post-busing regimes. To define residential neighborhood, we use the 371 block groups from the 2000 Census that include at least one Charlotte-Mecklenburg student. We use address records to assign students to these neighborhoods and to middle-school zones for both the pre- and post-2002 boundaries.<br /><br />To look at long-term outcomes, we first match district records to Mecklenburg County administrative data for all adult arrests and incarcerations from 1998 through 2013. Sixth graders in 2002–03 who progress through school as expected would enter 12th grade in the 2008–09 school year. Because our data on crime extends through 2013, we use two main measures of criminal activity: whether the individual was arrested between the ages of 16 and 21 and whether the individual was incarcerated between the ages of 16 and 21. This allows us to observe crime outcomes for all students who were in grades 6 through 8 in 2002–03.<br /><br />We also track college-going data from the National Student Clearinghouse. That includes records for every student of college age who had ever attended a Charlotte-Mecklenburg school, including students who transfer to other districts or private schools or who drop out of school altogether. Because our data end in the summer of 2009, we cannot examine longer-run measures of educational attainment such as degree completion. Thus we focus on 7th- and 8th-grade students and measure whether they attended college within 12 months of the fall after their expected high-school graduation date.<br /><br />Approximately 12 percent of our sample eventually drops out of high school, while 23 percent attend a 4-year college within 12 months of their expected graduation date. Between the ages of 16 and 21 years old, 19 percent are arrested at least once and 13 percent are incarcerated at least once. While well above the national averages in terms of suspensions and crime, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools is fairly representative of large, urban school districts in the Southern United States.<br /><br /><b>The Impacts of a Strict School</b><br /><br />To quantify each school’s strictness, we use the same basic method commonly used to estimate individual teachers’ value-added to student test scores. We examine the number of days students are suspended both in and out of school to calculate strictness, while controlling for student characteristics such as test scores, race, gender, special-education status, and limited-English proficiency status, among others. This produces an estimate of each school’s predicted impact on suspensions based on how frequently it had suspended students in previous years.<br /><br />We find that an increase of one standard deviation in school strictness expands the likelihood of being suspended in a given school year by 1.7 percentage points, or 7 percent. The average annual number of days suspended per year grows by 0.38, a 16 percent increase.<br /><br />How does this affect student outcomes later in life? We look at criminal activity throughout Mecklenburg County and find that students who attend a stricter school are more likely to be arrested and incarcerated between the ages of 16 and 21.<br /><br />Students assigned a school that is one standard deviation more strict are 17 percent more likely to be arrested and 20 percent more likely to go to jail, based on our estimated increases of about 3.2 percentage points for arrests and 2.5 percentage points for incarcerations. In looking at what types of crimes are involved, we find that school strictness increases later involvement in crimes related to illegal drugs, fraud, arson, and burglary, but not in serious violent crimes like murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.<br /><br />We also look at the impact on student academic performance and educational attainment and find no evidence that school strictness affects overall achievement. Because we measure the net effect across all students in a school, this may be due to a balancing of two opposing forces: negative effects of lost instructional time for those students who were suspended and positive effects of reduced number of disruptive peers in the classroom for students who were not.<br /><br />However, we do find evidence that suspensions negatively affect educational attainment. A one standard deviation stricter school increases the likelihood that a student drops out of high school by 1.7 percentage points, or 15 percent, and decreases the likelihood of attending a 4-year college by 2.4 percentage points, or 11 percent.<br /><br />We then compare effects by race and find outsized impacts for Black and Hispanic students. Being assigned to a school that is one standard deviation more strict increases the average number of days suspended each school year by 0.43 for Black and Hispanic students compared to 0.21 days for non-minority students. That number is even larger for Black and Hispanic males, who are suspended 0.82 more days each year, on average—more than three times the effect for non-minority males.<br /><br /><b>As adults, Black and Hispanic students assigned to stricter schools are more likely to be arrested and incarcerated than their non-minority classmates. A one standard deviation stricter school increases the likelihood of being arrested by 3.9 percentage points for Black and Hispanic students compared to 2.7 percentage points for non-minority students (see Figure 2). The effect on incarceration in adulthood is 3.1 percentage points for Black and Hispanic students compared to 1.9 percentage points for non-minority students. Negative effects are especially pronounced among Black and Hispanic male students, who are 5.4 percentage points more likely to be arrested and 4.4 percentage points more likely to be incarcerated as adults.</b><br /><br />While the average impact of a strict school across all students is negative, we do find small positive impacts on academic achievement for white male students. White male students who are assigned a school that is one standard deviation stricter score about 0.06 standard deviations higher on middle-school math and reading tests. This is consistent with prior studies that show positive short-run academic benefits to some students from removing disruptive peers from the classroom. However, we find no long-run impact on educational attainment for white males, who also experience substantial increases in adult arrests and incarcerations of 4.9 and 3.7 percentage points, respectively.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="277" src="https://www.educationnext.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ednext_XXI_4_bacher_hicks_fig02.png" width="400" /></div><br /><b>What Drives School Strictness?</b><br /><br />We investigate three potential factors driving differences in school strictness. First, we look at the potential role of school peers. Prior research has found that peers are important contributors to students’ educational experiences, but we find little relationship between school strictness and peer characteristics, suggesting that our results are not driven by changes in peer composition.<br /><br />Second, we test our main school strictness results alongside two other measures of school effects, based on student-achievement gains and teacher turnover. We find that disciplinary strictness is the only predictor of students’ later involvement in the criminal-justice system. This serves as further evidence that our results are driven by school effects on suspensions rather than other aspects of school quality or simply the disruption caused by sudden changes in enrollment patterns.<br /><br />Finally, we turn to the role of school leaders, who have considerable discretion in how they handle disciplinary action. Principals have the authority to set parental meetings, after-school interventions, and in-school suspensions. Even the process for short-term out-of-school suspension is almost completely up to school leaders in Charlotte-Mecklenburg; the superintendent’s approval is only required for long-term suspensions of 11 days or more. We look at the movements of principals across schools and find that when a principal who has been strict in prior years switches into a new school, suspensions in the new school increase. This suggests that school effects on suspensions are driven by leadership decisions.<br /><br />These findings echo the public’s anecdotal understanding of the strong role that principals play in establishing school climate and discipline. Consider Charlotte-Mecklenburg’s recent approach to limiting suspensions among young elementary-school students. Suspending very young students has come under public criticism across the country, with policymakers in New York City, Colorado, and New Jersey weighing moratoriums on the practice. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg school board considered a moratorium but <a href="https://www.charlotteobserver.com/article166275962.html">opted to limit principal discretion instead</a> and now requires the superintendent’s approval. In 2017–18, the first year of the new policy, the number of suspensions for K–2 students <a href="https://www.cms.k12.nc.us/sites/agenda/Lists/Agenda%20Items/Attachments/4843/2017-18%20K-2%20Suspension%20Summary%20-%20Qtr%202%20(final)%202-12-18.pdf">fell by 90 percent</a>.<br /><br /><b>Implications</b><br /><br />Misbehaving peers can have strong negative impacts on other students in the classroom, and all students need a safe, predictable, and peaceful environment to thrive. But our findings show that the school-to-prison pipeline is real and poses substantial risks for students in strict school environments. On average, students who attend middle schools that rely heavily on suspensions are at greater risk of being arrested and incarcerated as young adults and less likely to graduate from high school and go to college. Further, these effects are most pronounced for Black and Hispanic males, who are dramatically underrepresented among college graduates and overrepresented in the nation’s prison system.<br /><br />This raises a critical question for policymakers and educators who enforce strict school discipline: for whom are our schools safe? And it establishes an opportunity for principals and organizations that support school leadership to weigh the tradeoffs between strict discipline practices and longer-term outcomes for students. As the nation continues to grapple with questions about racial equity and police reform, the contributing causal role that school-discipline practices play in raising the risk of criminality in adulthood cannot be ignored.<br /><br /><i>Andrew Bacher-Hicks is assistant professor of education at Boston University. Stephen B. Billings is associate professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. David J. Deming is professor at the Harvard Kennedy School and Harvard Graduate School of Education.<br /></i><br /><br /></div></blockquote>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-25879442304711638522021-10-06T15:43:00.005-04:002021-10-06T16:25:36.697-04:00<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-large;">Inedible School Lunches & Three Years of Procurement Violations: a Timeline.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;"><b>Compiled and updated by Kristin Reed</b></span></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;">No reopening challenge has taken key RPS stakeholders more by surprise than the inedible, partially-frozen lunches that left students with significant caloric deficits. How did we get here? </span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Much like our statewide COVID dashboard tracker, this timeline will be updated as documents are made available, or as things change. </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="background-color: white;">June 12, 2018 </b>— RPS awards a contract for vended meals to Preferred Meals. This contract violates procurement guidelines.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Oct 1, 2018</b> </span>— Student Health Advisory Board [SHAB] proposal is first presented to the Board. June 13, 2019 — RPS renews the contract with Preferred Meals.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aug 25, 2019</b> — The Virginia Department of Education [VDOE] learns that RPS is using a vended meals contract that is non-compliant with procurement regulations. The VDOE issues a corrective action plan that allows the district to continue food services with the mandate that they resolve compliance issues.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>September 16, 2019 </b>— Student Health Advisory Board members seated.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">2020–2021—RPS operates a food distribution program during virtual learning under waivers from the USDA.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>April 15, 2021 </b>— The Request for Proposals [RFP] for 2021–2022 Meals is published.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>May 3, 2021 </b>— The RFP Evaluation Committee is established.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">J<b>une 2, 2021 </b>— RPS receives a vended meals template as part of technical assistance provided by the state as part of its corrective action plan. The district does not use the template, resulting in omissions and errors in initial contract drafts.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>June 28, 2021 </b>— Contract negotiations began.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">A<b>ugust 2, 2021</b> — A contract with Preferred Meals is presented to the School Board for a vote, with a cost of $12.9m. The Board is informed that meals would be grab-and-go, citing COVID protocols and limited kitchen space. Board members are told that passing the contract is urgent. The contract itself is dated July 6th, and thus already in effect without Board approval.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aug 30-Sept 1, 2021</b> —The VDOE receives copies RPS’s RFP and vended meals agreement as part of its application package for the National School Lunch Program [NSLP].</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 7, 2021</b> — VDOE notifies RPS that its meals contract and procurement process does not meet federal guidelines.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 8, 2021</b> —The first day of school. An independent vender contacts the Board offering to provide temporary staffing to fill gaps. Kenya Gibson asks Superintendent Kamras if the district is short on staff. Kamras communicates that hiring cafeteria workers has been “deprioritized.”</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 14, 2021</b> — VDOE meets with the City of Richmond’s attorney, informing her of procurement violations with in the contract. VDOE states that they do not have the authority to grant additional waivers for operation. These would have to be issued by the USDA.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 15, 2021</b>—VDOE representative provides the city attorney all corrective action letters, summaries of technical assistance made to the district, and procurement review documentation and findings.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 17, 2021</b> — VDOE representative meets with RPS administration to discuss issues with compliance. Alana Gonzalez attends this meeting, promises to follow up with VDOE after consulting the superintendent. She does not. VDOE reports receiving multiple complaints from RPS parents regarding food quality. VDOE contacts the UDSA for recommendations on how to move forward.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">S<b>ept 20, 2021</b> — Parent Betsy Milburn gives public comment to the Board, citing inedible food that fails to meet USDA standards for caloric input. Mariah White motions to terminate the contract following complaints from students and parents about the meals. </span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">That motion fails in a 4–5 vote, with Representatives Doerr, Dr. Harris-Muhammed, Burke, Page, and Jones voting against. Kenya Gibson motions to make changes to policy on school means procurement, ensuring a first read of contracts over $250k in advance of a vote and formalizing the SHAB’s role in approving meal contracts. </span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">That motion passes in a 5–4 vote, with Reps. Doerr, Burke, Page, and Jones voting against. During that same meeting Superintendent Kamras reports 117 food service vacancies stating that the district has “deprioritized these hires as we are using a pre-packaged kiosk system for our meals (which requires significantly fewer personnel) given COVID-19.”</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 27, 2021</b> — A School Nutrition Program audit of food in RPS finds excess sugar, safety violations in food temperatures, insufficient servings of vegetables, and unlawful replacement of fruits and vegetables with juice.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 28, 2021</b> — The VDOE notifies the Kamras administration that RPS is not approved to operate the NSLP, or other federally-funded nutrition services programs due to RPS’s failure to submit a complete application package and non-compliance with federal child nutrition guidelines. </span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">VDOE further notifies the administration that the agency cannot process the district’s reimbursement for meals funding, and that the fiscal year 2021–2022’s application packets are not yet submitted. The district is barred from using federal or nonprofit funds to pay out the contract. That day district administration announces a shift back to hot meals.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sept 29, 2021</b> — Superintendent Kamras sends the Board an email informing them that the RFP for school meals must legally be re-issued due to non-compliance. This is the first notice to the Board of any compliance issues with meals vendors, beginning in 2018.</span></li></ul><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: medium;"><i>Homeroom is a project of Richmond For All’s </i></span><i style="color: #990000;">Public Education Campaign Committee.</i></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-63228345696284752842021-10-06T13:56:00.019-04:002021-10-06T14:18:05.251-04:00Still Crazy After All These Years ... And Still Relevant<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-large;">The Gang of 26 </span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span><div><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">By Don Harrison</span></span><div><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img height="200" src="https://media2.fdncms.com/styleweekly/imager/the-gang-of-26/u/original/1421895/back33_school_100.jpg" width="200" /></a><div><br /></div>(Reposted from Style Weekly August 15, 2007)<br /><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">Richmond just got a rude wake-up call. "Whap!"<br /><br />That was the sound of parents and taxpayers getting bitch-slapped into consciousness by the city's most prominent business leaders.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;"><br />You know the leaders I'm referring to: folks from the higher reaches of Style's Power List who told us more than two years ago that directly electing Richmond's mayor would help bring about real leadership and change in River City (and also treat warts, regrow hair on bald spots and ward off hangovers).<br /><br />It seems that while directly electing the mayor was a slam dunk for democracy (so the hype went), Richmond's "business community" has now concluded that city voters are not, ah, sophisticated enough to choose who gets to represent them on the Richmond School Board.<br /><br />Instead of taking this idea to the ballot box and allowing Richmond residents the opportunity to decide whether or not to surrender their voting rights, a coalition of the area's Captains of Industry say they intend to take a shortcut, around parents and ordinary taxpayers alike, to petition the General Assembly to install their plan. And with no public input. Under the proposal, this Gang of 26 would enjoy the power to choose, appoint and otherwise install the School Board representatives themselves (with a little help from their friends at City Hall).<br /><br />Writer and blogger John Sarvay has compared this vision of how to run Richmond to that of a Scandinavian oligarchy. Most of us would view it as a blatant and rather heavy-handed power grab.<br /><br />Frustrated by his recent battles with school officials over mismanagement and waste, the mayor (who didn't say a whole lot about Scandinavian oligarchies when he ran for office a few years ago) likes the business leaders' plan. It seems that there are limits to freedom. It now ends at the schoolhouse door. Rest in peace, Oliver Hill.<br /><br />As Evette L. Wilson, School Board rep for the 9th District, points out in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, Richmond made a decision about how it wished to choose its School Board in 1994. "I'm very passionate about elected school boards. ... I stood in front of many grocery stores with my kids to get signatures on petitions," Wilson said. "In my opinion if we go back to the appointed School Board, then you cannot guarantee the citizens the right to hold the School Board members accountable for any decisions they make."<br /><br />Strong words, Ms. Wilson. But what's truly sad is that those put in charge of the schools through the democratic process -- and that includes you — have left Richmond's system in such dire and unmanageable straits that this kind of Draconian measure would even be seriously considered, much less officially proposed.<br /><br />No, I am not a fan of the current Richmond School Board — only Keith West and Carol Wolf seem willing to make the tough decisions necessary to cut through the waste and malaise that grip the system. But that doesn't mean that I'm ready to sign on to a plan that is nothing but public education as prescribed by Ukrop's Super Markets, Dominion Resources and Philip Morris tobacco. Anyone who thinks an appointed board of Richmond-area corporate figureheads would bring Richmond closer to sound fiscal management, a corruptionless, waste-free philosophy and anything close to participatory democracy simply hasn't been paying attention to recent events.<br /><br />As reported by Style Weekly, and blogs such as Save Richmond, the mayor and many of these same members of the "business community" have been less than stellar when it comes to soliciting and incorporating civic participation for the area committees, commissions and taxpayer-funded partnerships they've convened over the past few years. We've seen:<br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">"Public" meetings that were never advertised or were largely shielded from taxpayers (see: education committee, performing arts committee)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">A disdain for expertise and competence, and a colossal failure to live up to promises involving taxpayer funds (see: Virginia Performing Arts Foundation and CenterStage)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">Projects with huge expenditures, largely unaccountable to the public, that failed to meet rosy projections and are still costing the city millions (see: Broad Street CDA, 6th Street Marketplace, expanded Convention Center)</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">Heavy-handed, two-faced relations with the community at large (Virginia Commonwealth University and Oregon Hill)</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">And so on. Gosh, that sounds an awful lot like our "unaccountable" School Board, doesn't it?<br /><br />And, no offense, but isn't this the same group of (mostly white) power players who sit on all the other appointed boards around here? Three cheers for their community service, but how many of them have children in the city school system? How many of them even live in Richmond, which is predominantly African-American? If they are so concerned about the city schools, why did they not send out strong messages like this during the last campaign season?<br /><br />That's not to say that the Gang of 26 isn't justified in its concerns. And these prominent citizens have every right to speak out (as one voice or many) on important civic matters. It doesn't get much more important than the education of our children. So if the shock of this proposal from our Titans of Commerce causes the rest of us to seriously look at what is happening (or not happening, as the case may be) with our elected School Board, good on them!<br /><br />But if it's all the same to the "business community," I'd like to reserve the right to vote out my local School Board representative myself. It's a little something called democracy, and we need more of it around here, not less. S<br /><br />Don Harrison is a freelance writer and a father. He is the co-founder of the blog SaveRichmond.com. Opinions expressed on the Back Page are those of the writer and not necessarily those of Style Weekly.<br /></span><br /></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-55261953679826805202021-10-06T12:02:00.000-04:002021-10-06T12:02:01.887-04:00<p></p><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ed Department Issues Guidance On IEPs During Pandemic</span> </span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">by Michelle Diament</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">The U.S. Department of Education is issuing guidance on how schools should comply with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act during the COVID-19 pandemic. (Anne Meadows/Flickr)</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Federal officials say that individualized education program teams must consider everything from goals to masks to compensatory education in order to ensure that students with disabilities are being provided the free appropriate public education they’re entitled to during the pandemic.</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">New guidance from the U.S. Department of Education is addressing many considerations for IEP teams, offering input on how IEPs should be modified to address changes brought on by COVID-19</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">The 41-page Q&A document issued late last week comes in response to questions from stakeholders, the Education Department said. It is the second special education guidance release from the agency since the start of this school year.</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">According to the guidance, schools and IEP teams must account for the needs of students with disabilities who are at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19. If an IEP team determines that COVID-19 prevention strategies are necessary in order for a student to receive a free appropriate public education, those measures must be included in the child’s IEP. This could include wearing masks, cleaning or other mitigation steps.</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">If state or local laws or policies limit IEP teams from making sure these measures are in place in the least restrictive environment, that would be a violation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, the Education Department said.</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Further, if an IEP team is unable or unwilling to address the health and safety needs of a child with a disability who is at increased risk for COVID-19, parents can utilize the dispute resolution procedures available under IDEA, the guidance states.</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">“The pandemic didn’t alter IDEA’s guarantee of a free appropriate public education for children with disabilities,” said Katherine Neas, acting assistant secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. “As more and more students return to in-person learning, the department emphasizes the critical role that IEP teams, including parents, have in making individualized decisions about each child’s educational needs, including assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health and safety considerations and on providing appropriate special education and related services.”</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Beyond health and safety, federal education officials said it is “critically important that the IEP team also consider any adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on each child with a disability.”</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Children may need their goals revised to reflect a decline in knowledge and skills and compensatory services may be warranted. Even those who have graduated or passed the age of eligibility for IDEA may qualify for compensatory services, the guidance indicates.</span></blockquote><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-79870221021388609702021-10-04T14:51:00.068-04:002021-10-05T12:37:27.320-04:00FOOD FIGHT!<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-small;"><i>UPDATE: Oct. 5, 2021</i></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><blockquote><span>If anyone thinks that the issues with the food being served to Richmond Public School (RPS) students are solely about the appearance and taste of the food, please take the time to read the letter posted below. And should anyone believe that the kids are simply going to throw whatever food they are served in the trash -- regardless of quality or nutritional value -- </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">I invite you to rethink your analysis. </span></blockquote></span></span></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(5, 5, 5);"><i><blockquote><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-small;">We live in a city in which at least one out of four children live at or below the poverty line. A Northside elementary school principal once explained some facts of life to me about feeding children. Monday through Wednesday, NO food goes into the trash cans. The kids have had so little healthy food to eat over the weekend that they literally eat everything put on their plates. By Wednesday lunch their little bellies are starting to get full and you see some milk cartons getting tossed as well as overcooked green beans and the like. Come Thursday, the kids are back to “normal” and they start tossing food and milk containers out. On Fridays, you have kids trying to sneak food out of the cafeteria to take home for the long, hungry, junky food weekend ahead.</span></blockquote></i></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-small;"><blockquote><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">Please </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">note that I have reached out to the author of the letter sent by VDOE to Supt. Kamras in order to clarify who is on the hook for paying for this food -- $12.9 million. I will update you as I learn more.</span></blockquote></span></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><blockquote><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-small;">Editor’s Note: RPS Supt. Kamras and staff knew BEFORE school started that there were significant problems with the food service contract. Rather than inform ALL members of the School Board that the Virginia Department of Education had procurement ($12.9 million), nutritional and compliance with federal USDA regulations concerns with this contract. The following is a letter sent to Kamras on Sept. 28, 2021. Stay tuned. ~ C.A.O. Wolf</span></blockquote></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">COMMONWEALTH of VIRGINIA </div><div style="text-align: center;">Department of Education</div><div style="text-align: center;">September 28, 2021</div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div><br /></div>Mr. Jason Kamras, Superintendent<br />Richmond City Public Schools<br />301 North 9th Street, Floor 17<br />Richmond, Virginia 23219-1927</span><p></p><p></p><blockquote><p>Dear Mr. Kamras:</p><p>This letter is to update you on the status of Richmond Public Schools’ (RPS') compliance with requirements to have approved applications in place for various federal child nutrition programs in which it participates.</p><p>RPS does not have an approved application to operate the federal child nutrition programs for the Seamless Summer Option (SSO) of the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), nor the At-Risk Portion of the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP). This is due to RPS' failure to submit a complete package and failure to do so in accordance with the federal child nutrition program guidelines.</p><p>The Virginia Department of Education, Office of School Nutrition Programs (VDOE-SNP) provided extensive outreach and technical assistance to RPS. Despite assurance from a number of RPS staff, the VDOE-SNP continues to await a response from RPS. Please be advised a failure to remedy this situation could result in withholding of claims for reimbursement of federal funds and future ineligibility to participate in these vital school meal programs.</p><p>Please find in this letter a detailed description of the communications, requests, technical assistance provided, and consequences presented to RPS regarding requirement for participation in the federal child nutrition programs.</p><p>The VDOE-SNP is required to review all vended meal contracts to ensure compliance with federal procurement regulations and guidelines. The VDOE-SNP received RPS' vended meals agreement and Request for Proposals (RFP) on August 30 and September 1, 2021, respectively, as part of the school year (SY) 2021–2022 NSLP application packet. RPS was notified on</p><i></i></blockquote><p> </p><blockquote><i>Mr. Jason Kamras<br />September 28, 2021<br />Page Two</i><p>September 7, 2021, that the vended meals contract and RFP did not meet procurement guidelines. The vended meal contract and RFP should have accompanied the application for participation and the application is required to be submitted prior to operating the federal child nutrition programs. Neither of these requirements were met. The application packets were available beginning May 31, 2021, with a due date of July 16, 2021.</p><p>RPS was provided leniency to operate the school and child nutrition programs using a vended meals contract that did not meet procurement guidelines contingent upon complying with the corrective action plan that included a timeline of September 2020.</p><p>The VDOE-SNP has worked with RPS since August 25, 2019, when the office first learned RPS was using a vended meals contract for all of their school and child nutrition programs (IFB #18-6841-3 issued April 18, 2018). The original vended meals contract with Preferred Meals, awarded on June 12, 2018, did not comply with procurement regulations. Furthermore, the same contract was renewed effective June 13, 2019–June 12, 2020.</p><p>To ensure the vended meals contract was in alignment with procurement guidelines, RPS was required to complete a new vended meals bid and award for SY 2020–2021. Additionally, the VDOE-SNP required RPS to submit a corrective plan to include a timeline for the new bid to be published and awarded. The approval of the SY 2020–2021 SNP and CACFP application packets were contingent on the approval of the corrective action plan. The VDOE-SNP approved RPS’ corrective action plan, which was submitted to the office on September 10, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and various nationwide waivers issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), RPS operated the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) in place of the NSLP in SY 2020–2021. The VDOE-SNP staff and procurement specialist worked closely with RPS throughout SY 2020–2021 to provide technical assistance and templates to assist in development of the new RFP and bid. RPS released the new RFP with a start date of February 1, 2021. Due to the mid-year contract, RPS renewed the contract to June 30, 2021.</p><p>Pursuant to federal regulations, the vended meals agreement and contract was reviewed again as part of the SY 2021–2022 NSLP application packet. The new RFP (#21-6985-04) was issued on April 15, 2021, and awarded for one year. Contract #6985 indicates the contract actually started July 6, 2021, and was awarded through July 5, 2022. Preferred Meals representatives signed the contract on August 18, 2021. During this time, RPS underwent a procurement review conducted by CN Resource, a contracting agency of the VDOE-SNP. The procurement review identified that the vended meals contract was not properly procured as cost was not the primary awarding factor.</p><br /><i>Mr. Jason Kamras<br />September 28, 2021<br />Page Three</i></blockquote><blockquote><p>Joy Washington, the VDOE-SNP Procurement and Contracts Specialist, worked jointly with CN Resource to ensure RPS received support and technical assistance in developing a corrective action plan to resolve the finding. RPS received and agreed to use a vended meals</p><p>template on June 2, 2021. RPS failed to use the template provided to ensure compliance and the RFP utilized failed to include many federal requirements.</p><p>The current vended meals contract (contract # 6985) does not contain the correct sodium content as required in NSLP and the School Breakfast Program (SBP) regulations and, further, is being used for all school and child nutrition programs. The contract does not include the SSO, which RPS is currently operating in place of the NSLP and SBP due to various USDA nationwide waivers currently in effect. Additionally, numerous clauses are missing and price was not used as the primary factor when awarding the bid. The VDOE-SNP provided Susan Roberson, RPS' Director of School Nutrition Services, the missing verbiage and templates on September 7, 2021.</p><p>The VDOE-SNP met with Ms. Caryl Johnson, City of Richmond representing attorney, on September 14, 2021, to discuss why the RFP and contract were noncompliant with procurement guidelines. The VDOE-SNP informed Ms. Johnson that any exceptions to continuing under the contract would have to be granted by the USDA, as the VDOE-SNP does not have the authority to do so. During this meeting, the VDOE-SNP requested that RPS draft a letter requesting an exception to the federal requirements. The VDOE-SNP outlined details to be included in the letter and several options for remedying the situation. The VDOE-SNP conveyed that the letter to the USDA should include a request to allow operations to continue until a vended meals contract could come into compliance. On September 15, 2021, Joy Washington provided Ms. Johnson all of the corrective action letters, summaries of technical assistance, and procurement review documentation and findings.</p><p>Ms. Johnson reached out to me on September 16, 2021, at 8:00 p.m. to schedule a meeting on Friday, September 17, 2021, to review the status of this issue with the RPS staff. That call occurred at 9:00 a.m. with Caryl Johnson, City of Richmond; Alana Gonzalez, RPS Chief Operating Officer; Damon Richardson, Interim Director of Procurement; Susan Roberson, RPS SNP Administrator; and VDOE-SNP staff. During that call, the situation was reiterated and Ms. Gonzalez indicated that she would be in contact with the division superintendent's office for follow-up. Another week has gone by without any communication from RPS regarding this serious situation.</p><p>In addition, the VDOE-SNP received numerous complaints from parents of RPS students regarding allegations of poor meal quality and perceived non-compliance with both the federal nutrition standards as well as the vended meals contract.</p><i>Mr. Jason Kamras<br />September 28, 2021<br />Page Four</i><p>The federal child nutrition programs are in place to ensure children have access to healthy and nutritious meals during and outside of school hours. The requirements and funding for these programs are paramount to meeting this need.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Summary and Required Action</b></p><p>Due to the failure to use cost as the primary award factor, the inclusion of noncompliant meal pattern specifications, and missing clauses, RPS’ SY 2021–2022 vended meals contract does not meet federal procurement guidelines. Any exceptions to continuing under this contract would have to be granted by the USDA. The VDOE-SNP requested a letter from RPS on Tuesday, September 14, 2021, and again on September 17, 2021, seeking guidance from the USDA on how to proceed with the non-compliant vended meals contract, but has yet to receive this letter or any further communication.</p><p>The SY 2021–2022 NSLP application packet will remain in the submitted for approval status. On September 17, 2021, the VDOE-SNP notified RPS that the VDOE-SNP will not be able to process the RPS SSO claims for reimbursement beginning with the September 2021 claim as there is no approved application in place and RPS may be subject to future withholding of claims for reimbursement funding. Further, the vended meals contract does not meet federal requirements and, therefore, no federal dollars nor any nonprofit school foodservice account funds can be used to pay for any provisions of this contract.</p><p>At this time, RPS has not yet submitted a fiscal year (FY) 2021–2022 CACFP application packet. If CACFP meals are claimed for reimbursement for September 2021, which is part of the FY 2020–2021 application packet, RPS will be declared seriously deficient in its operation of the CACFP on grounds of the lack of financial viability. Again, any costs associated with this program cannot utilize federal dollars nor can any nonprofit school food service account funds be used to pay for any provision of these meals.</p><p>As part of necessary corrective action going forward, the VDOE-SNP will impose a pre-issuance review requirement on any of RPS’ proposed procurements for vended meals. As per 7 CFR 210.21 (c)(1-3), the school food authority must make available its procurement documents including solicitation documents, specifications, evaluation criteria, procurement procedures, proposed contracts, and contract terms. RPS shall comply with the VDOE-SNP’s requests for changes to procurement procedures, solicitation, and contract documents to ensure that such procedures and documents reflect applicable procurement and contract requirements.</p></blockquote><i>Mr. Jason Kamras<br />September 28, 2021</i><div><i>Page Five</i><div><blockquote><p>Furthermore, RPS must obtain the VDOE-SNP’s prior written approval for any change made to prototype solicitation or contract documents before issuing the review solicitation documents or execution of the revised contract. In addition, no expenditure may be made from the nonprofit school food service account for any cost resulting from a procurement failing to meet the requirements. The general fund must pay for any costs resulting from the agreement being terminated based on noncompliant procurement and reissued. Documentation must be submitted to the VDOE-SNP to substantiate the contract termination and new bid process.</p><p>You may reach me via phone at (804) 371-2339 or via email at Sandra.Curwood@doe.virginia.gov.</p><p>Sincerely,</p></blockquote><br />Dr. Sandra C. Curwood, RDN<br />Director, Office of School Nutrition Programs<br /><br />SCC/CC/rd<br /><br />cc: Susan Roberson, School Nutrition Program<br />Crystal Crutchfield, VDOE-SNP Lead Regional Specialist<br />Andrea Nannery, VDOE-SNP Coordinator<br />Maggie Parker, VDOE-CNP Coordinator<br />Joy Washington, VDOE-SNP Procurement and Contracts Specialist<p> </p></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-33666689663758491712021-10-04T11:12:00.003-04:002021-10-04T11:26:04.790-04:00<p><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"> </span></p><header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; word-wrap: break-word;"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="border: 0px; font-size: 40px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">2021 SOL Results, First Cut</span></h1><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: large;">by John R. Butcher</span></span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">cranky</span></span></a></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">2020 was the first spring since 1998 without SOL tests in Virginia. Then came 2021, when participation in the testing was <a href="https://www.dailypress.com/news/education/dp-nw-sol-tests-coronavirus-20210109-jwxiopgcs5f4hlk2eqryiulmta-story.html" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">voluntary</a>.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The VDOE <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/news/news_releases/2021/08-26-21-sol-test-results-final.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">press release</a> says, “[2020-21] was not a normal school year for students and teachers, in Virginia or elsewhere, so making comparisons with prior years would be inappropriate.” The first line of the very next paragraph of the press release then quotes the Superintendent making a comparison: “Virginia’s 2020-2021 SOL test scores tell us what we already knew—students need to be in the classroom without disruption to learn effectively.”</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Let’s look at some data and see whether they offer any principled implications.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">But first: <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=6760" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">As we have seen</a>, <a href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/bat-data-dictionary.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">economically disadvantaged</a> students (“ED”) underperform their more affluent peers (“Not ED”) by around twenty points, depending on the test. This renders the school and division and state averages meaningless because of the varying percentages of ED students. Fortunately, the <a href="https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex_captcha/home.do" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">VDOE database</a> offers data for both groups. Hence the more complicated analyses below.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">To start, let’s look at the numbers of students tested by year for reading in Richmond and statewide.</span></p><p align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-24.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="538" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-24.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: inline; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="561" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">As we might expect, the ED tested counts dropped in 2021 even more precipitously than the Not ED. In Richmond, the Not ED decrease was about double the state average, the ED, nearly three-fold.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-25.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="137" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-25.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="174" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The pass rates (of those fewer students) fell, relative to 2019, but not as far as we might have feared.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-10.png" style="border: 0px; color: #dd1c1c; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="672" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-10.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="695" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The Richmond ED score drop was nearly twice the state average; the Not ED, a bit short of 1.5 times.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-11.png" style="border: 0px; color: #dd1c1c; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="145" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-11.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="182" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Note, however, that even a 6.7 point drop in the pass rate is huge.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">We can only speculate about the effects of the various factors that might lie beneath these numbers. Those factors might include:</span></p><ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Quality of the online instruction,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The students’ capability to learn online,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Students’ efforts in the presence of an online teacher,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Parental desire to see results for their children,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Parental opposition to SOL testing,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Parental concern for COVID exposure during the testing, and</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Relaxed <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/instruction/graduation/index.shtml" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">graduation requirements</a>.</span></li></ul><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The ED/Not ED difference increased, both in Richmond and Virginia.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-12.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="202" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-12.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="239" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The math counts show decreases similar to the reading.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-26.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="538" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-26.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="561" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-27.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="142" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-27.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="182" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Those who took the math tests, both ED and Not, did not do well.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-15.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="672" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-15.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="695" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-16.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="142" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-16.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="175" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">And, again, the Not ED/ED gap of those tested in ‘21 increased.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-17.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="232" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-17.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="277" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The H&SS test counts were so low that the pass rates must be close relatives of meaningless.</span></p><p align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image171.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="538" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image171_thumb.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="561" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-19.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="672" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-19.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="695" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Hmmm. Even so, the Richmond Not Ed pass rate edged above the state average.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The science counts were close to the math numbers.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-38.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="522" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-31.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="545" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-21.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="542" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-21.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="561" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The writing data painted yet another messy picture.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-39.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"></a><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-40.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="538" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-30.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="561" /></a></span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-23.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="542" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image_thumb-23.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="561" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Note the <u>in</u>crease in the Richmond ED rate. Looks like that 13.3% were a special group.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">There is one clear inference available from these data: The test results may well have been helpful to individual students but making the SOL testing voluntary made the collected results meaningless. Those collected results do not even give any measure of “<a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/news/news_releases/2021/08-26-21-sol-test-results-final.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">what we already knew</a>,” although they are not inconsistent with the notion that the online instruction did not work well. We’ll have to wait for the 2022 results to get a clearer idea of the COVID effects.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">That’s enough for one post. It will take some time to mine the information in this year’s data; if you’re interested, please stay tuned.</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-27584993698655148752021-08-12T15:12:00.005-04:002021-08-12T16:11:53.274-04:00A free professional learning opportunity ...<div class="separator"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img height="400" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmcusercontent.com%2Ffe148910632882c1c736a18ff%2Fimages%2F77a71036-88d9-4f8d-bc40-0a1553cd1e6f.png&t=1628706022&ymreqid=82e7822b-dfeb-55bb-2f2c-5a002401dd00&sig=3App_gQn66ei9hWk0GDdFQ--~D" width="308" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="text-align: right;">Our </span>Zinn Education Project <span style="text-align: right;">(a project of Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change) is excited to announce that generous donors have funded <a href="https://www.teachingforblacklives.org">Teaching for Black Lives Study Groups for the </a></span><span style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://www.teachingforblacklives.org">2021–2022 school year.</a></span></span><div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">Each study group will receive:</span></div><div><div><blockquote><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Teaching for Black Lives</a> book for each participant (up to 20) and Teaching for Black Lives Discussion Guide</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rethinking Schools magazine subscription for each participant (up to 20)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Introductory workshop featuring one or more editors of Teaching for Black Lives</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Access to several invitation-only webinars and workshops (panel discussions on current events, curriculum workshops, campaign planning)</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: x-large;">Closing event featuring one or more editors of <a href="https://www.teachingforblacklives.org">Teaching for Black Lives </a>and access to a network of other teacher study groups across the United States. The structure and format can vary according to the goals of the group. Applications will be reviewed and accepted on a rolling basis. </span></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.teachingforblacklives.org"><span><span><span>Click HERE for MORE INFO and HOW to APPLY</span></span></span> </a></span></p><p><br /></p></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv3596161690templateContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; max-width: 600px; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv3596161690bodyContainer" style="background-image: none; background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; background-size: cover; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" valign="top"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-40864632229189657422021-07-28T08:34:00.000-04:002021-07-28T08:34:03.081-04:00<div><i><a href="https://www.educationnext.org/research/">RESEARCH</a> from Education NEXT</i></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;">PROVING the School-to-Prison Pipeline</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">Stricter middle schools raise the risk of adult arrests</span><br /><a href="https://www.educationnext.org/author/abacher-hicks"><br />by Andrew Bacher-Hicks</a>, <a href="https://www.educationnext.org/author/sbbillings">Stephen B. Billings</a> and <a href="https://www.educationnext.org/author/ddeming">David J. Deming</a><br /><br />This spring, the Biden administration announced it would seek <a href="https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/202105-titlevi-rfi.pdf?utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term=">public comment</a> on student race and school climate, which was roundly viewed as a precursor to restoring an Obama-era directive to reduce racial disparities in discipline practices. Those guidelines, which were rescinded by former Secretary Betsy DeVos, have been variously described as a critical means of protecting students’ civil rights and a dangerous overreach by the federal government that prevented schools from keeping students safe.<br /><br />At issue is the school-to-prison pipeline—a term often used to describe the connection between exclusionary punishments like suspensions and expulsions and involvement in the criminal justice system. Black and Hispanic students are far more likely than white students to be suspended or expelled, and Black and Hispanic Americans are disproportionately represented in the nation’s prisons.<br /><br />Is there a causal link between experiencing strict school discipline as a student and being arrested or incarcerated as an adult? Research shows that <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/In-School-and-Out-of-Trouble-The-Minimum-Dropout-Anderson/c565146c74278e2efa468e34920c277bd1ebc6bd">completing more years of school</a> reduces subsequent criminal activity, as does <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24739070">enrolling in a higher-quality school</a> and <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4901649_The_Effect_of_Education_on_Crime_Evidence_from_Prison_Inmates_Arrests_and_Self-Reports">graduating from high school</a>. Yet there is little evidence on the mechanisms by which a school can have a long-run influence on criminal activity.<br /><br />To address this, we examine middle-school suspension rates in Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, where a large and sudden change in school-enrollment boundary lines resulted in half of all students changing schools in a single year. We estimate a school’s disciplinary strictness based on its suspension rates before the change and use this natural experiment to identify how attending a stricter school influences criminal activity in adulthood.<br /><br />Our analysis shows that young adolescents who attend schools with high suspension rates are substantially more likely to be arrested and jailed as adults. These long-term, negative impacts in adulthood apply across a school’s population, not just to students who are suspended during their school years.<br /><br />Students assigned to middle schools that are one standard deviation stricter—equivalent to being at the 84th percentile of strictness versus the mean—are 3.2 percentage points more likely to have ever been arrested and 2.5 percentage points more likely to have ever been incarcerated as adults. They also are 1.7 percentage points more likely to drop out of high school and 2.4 percentage points less likely to attend a 4-year college. These impacts are much larger for Black and Hispanic male students.<br /><br />We also find that principals, who have considerable discretion in meting out school discipline, are the major driver of differences in the number of suspensions from one school to the next. In tracking the movements of principals across schools, we see that principals’ effects on suspensions in one school predicts their effects on suspensions at another.<br /><br />Our findings show that early censure of school misbehavior causes increases in adult crime—that there is, in fact, a school-to-prison pipeline. Further, we find that the negative impacts from strict disciplinary environments are largest for minorities and males, suggesting that suspension policies expand preexisting gaps in educational attainment and incarceration. We do see some limited evidence of positive effects on the academic achievement of white male students, which highlights the potential to increase the achievement of some subgroups by removing disruptive peers. However, any effort to maintain safe and orderly school climates must take into account the clear and negative consequences of exclusionary discipline practices for young students, and especially young students of color, which last well into adulthood.<br /><br /><b>Desegregation in Charlotte-Mecklenburg</b><br /><br />For decades, school enrollment and bus routes in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district were designed to achieve racial integration. The busing plan was ordered by a state judge and upheld by a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1971, after the Swann family, who were Black, sued to reassign their 6-year-old son from an all-Black school to an integrated school closer to their home. The landmark <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/402/1/">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a> decision required the district to reassign students to new schools to balance their racial composition and influenced similar busing programs nationwide.<br /><br />It was another parent lawsuit that ultimately ended mandatory busing and redrew school-zone boundaries in Charlotte-Mecklenburg again. In 1997, a white parent named William Capacchione sued the district because he believed his child was denied entrance to a magnet program based on race. This case led to a series of court battles that ended with a 2001 ruling by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld an <a href="https://casetext.com/case/capacchione-v-charlotte-mecklenburg-schools-2">earlier state court order</a> to stop using race in school assignments. The district had “eliminated, to the extent practicable, the vestiges of past discrimination in the traditional areas of school operations,” the court ruled.<br /><br />As a result, over the summer of 2002, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools redrew school-attendance boundaries based only on classroom capacity and the geographical concentration of students around a building. This mechanical redistricting process rarely took advantage of environmental features such as streams and major roads, and was controversial because it often bisected existing neighborhoods. About half of all students changed schools between 2001–02 and 2002–03.<br /><br />For some students, that meant going from a school where suspensions were relatively rare to a school with a different approach to discipline (see Figure 1 for an example). While all schools are held to the district’s code of conduct and guidance by the North Carolina Department of Education, different schools have higher or lower rates of suspensions and expulsions.<br /><br />Many discussions about the school-to-prison pipeline center on the possibility that students experiencing suspension differ from other students in ways that could explain their higher levels of involvement in the criminal justice system later in life. The sudden reassignment of half of all Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools students in the summer of 2002 meant that students who live in the same neighborhoods and previously attended the same school could be assigned to attend very different schools in the fall. This creates a natural experiment to identify the impact of a school’s approach to discipline, which we use to identify a school’s influence on a range of outcomes in adulthood, including educational attainment and criminal activity.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="305" src="https://www.educationnext.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ednext_XXI_4_bacher_hicks_fig01.png" width="400" /></div><br /><b>A Natural Experiment</b><br /><br />Our analysis focuses on 26,246 middle-school students who experienced the boundary change because they were enrolled in a Charlotte-Mecklenburg school in both the 2001–02 and 2002–03 school years. We use district administrative records that track students from 1998–99 through 2010–11. The data include information on student demographics, test scores for grades 3 through 8 in math and reading, and annual counts of days suspended. Overall, 48 percent of students are Black, 39 percent are white, and 8 percent are Hispanic. On average, 23 percent of students are suspended at least once per school year, and the average suspension duration is 2.3 days.<br /><br />District records also include each student’s home address in every year, which we use to determine individual school assignments under the busing and post-busing regimes. To define residential neighborhood, we use the 371 block groups from the 2000 Census that include at least one Charlotte-Mecklenburg student. We use address records to assign students to these neighborhoods and to middle-school zones for both the pre- and post-2002 boundaries.<br /><br />To look at long-term outcomes, we first match district records to Mecklenburg County administrative data for all adult arrests and incarcerations from 1998 through 2013. Sixth graders in 2002–03 who progress through school as expected would enter 12th grade in the 2008–09 school year. Because our data on crime extends through 2013, we use two main measures of criminal activity: whether the individual was arrested between the ages of 16 and 21 and whether the individual was incarcerated between the ages of 16 and 21. This allows us to observe crime outcomes for all students who were in grades 6 through 8 in 2002–03.<br /><br />We also track college-going data from the National Student Clearinghouse. That includes records for every student of college age who had ever attended a Charlotte-Mecklenburg school, including students who transfer to other districts or private schools or who drop out of school altogether. Because our data end in the summer of 2009, we cannot examine longer-run measures of educational attainment such as degree completion. Thus we focus on 7th- and 8th-grade students and measure whether they attended college within 12 months of the fall after their expected high-school graduation date.<br /><br />Approximately 12 percent of our sample eventually drops out of high school, while 23 percent attend a 4-year college within 12 months of their expected graduation date. Between the ages of 16 and 21 years old, 19 percent are arrested at least once and 13 percent are incarcerated at least once. While well above the national averages in terms of suspensions and crime, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools is fairly representative of large, urban school districts in the Southern United States.<br /><br />The Impacts of a Strict School<br /><br />To quantify each school’s strictness, we use the same basic method commonly used to estimate individual teachers’ value-added to student test scores. We examine the number of days students are suspended both in and out of school to calculate strictness, while controlling for student characteristics such as test scores, race, gender, special-education status, and limited-English proficiency status, among others. This produces an estimate of each school’s predicted impact on suspensions based on how frequently it had suspended students in previous years.<br /><br />We find that an increase of one standard deviation in school strictness expands the likelihood of being suspended in a given school year by 1.7 percentage points, or 7 percent. The average annual number of days suspended per year grows by 0.38, a 16 percent increase.<br /><br />How does this affect student outcomes later in life? We look at criminal activity throughout Mecklenburg County and find that students who attend a stricter school are more likely to be arrested and incarcerated between the ages of 16 and 21.<br /><br />Students assigned a school that is one standard deviation more strict are 17 percent more likely to be arrested and 20 percent more likely to go to jail, based on our estimated increases of about 3.2 percentage points for arrests and 2.5 percentage points for incarcerations. In looking at what types of crimes are involved, we find that school strictness increases later involvement in crimes related to illegal drugs, fraud, arson, and burglary, but not in serious violent crimes like murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.<br /><br />We also look at the impact on student academic performance and educational attainment and find no evidence that school strictness affects overall achievement. Because we measure the net effect across all students in a school, this may be due to a balancing of two opposing forces: negative effects of lost instructional time for those students who were suspended and positive effects of reduced number of disruptive peers in the classroom for students who were not.<br /><br />However, we do find evidence that suspensions negatively affect educational attainment. A one standard deviation stricter school increases the likelihood that a student drops out of high school by 1.7 percentage points, or 15 percent, and decreases the likelihood of attending a 4-year college by 2.4 percentage points, or 11 percent.<br /><br />We then compare effects by race and find outsized impacts for Black and Hispanic students. Being assigned to a school that is one standard deviation more strict increases the average number of days suspended each school year by 0.43 for Black and Hispanic students compared to 0.21 days for non-minority students. That number is even larger for Black and Hispanic males, who are suspended 0.82 more days each year, on average—more than three times the effect for non-minority males.<br /><br />As adults, Black and Hispanic students assigned to stricter schools are more likely to be arrested and incarcerated than their non-minority classmates. A one standard deviation stricter school increases the likelihood of being arrested by 3.9 percentage points for Black and Hispanic students compared to 2.7 percentage points for non-minority students (see Figure 2). The effect on incarceration in adulthood is 3.1 percentage points for Black and Hispanic students compared to 1.9 percentage points for non-minority students. Negative effects are especially pronounced among Black and Hispanic male students, who are 5.4 percentage points more likely to be arrested and 4.4 percentage points more likely to be incarcerated as adults.<br /><br />While the average impact of a strict school across all students is negative, we do find small positive impacts on academic achievement for white male students. White male students who are assigned a school that is one standard deviation stricter score about 0.06 standard deviations higher on middle-school math and reading tests. This is consistent with prior studies that show positive short-run academic benefits to some students from removing disruptive peers from the classroom. However, we find no long-run impact on educational attainment for white males, who also experience substantial increases in adult arrests and incarcerations of 4.9 and 3.7 percentage points, respectively.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img height="277" src="https://www.educationnext.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ednext_XXI_4_bacher_hicks_fig02.png" width="400" /></div><br /><b>What Drives School Strictness?</b><br /><br />We investigate three potential factors driving differences in school strictness. First, we look at the potential role of school peers. Prior research has found that peers are important contributors to students’ educational experiences, but we find little relationship between school strictness and peer characteristics, suggesting that our results are not driven by changes in peer composition.<br /><br />Second, we test our main school strictness results alongside two other measures of school effects, based on student-achievement gains and teacher turnover. We find that disciplinary strictness is the only predictor of students’ later involvement in the criminal-justice system. This serves as further evidence that our results are driven by school effects on suspensions rather than other aspects of school quality or simply the disruption caused by sudden changes in enrollment patterns.<br /><br />Finally, we turn to the role of school leaders, who have considerable discretion in how they handle disciplinary action. Principals have the authority to set parental meetings, after-school interventions, and in-school suspensions. Even the process for short-term out-of-school suspension is almost completely up to school leaders in Charlotte-Mecklenburg; the superintendent’s approval is only required for long-term suspensions of 11 days or more. We look at the movements of principals across schools and find that when a principal who has been strict in prior years switches into a new school, suspensions in the new school increase. This suggests that school effects on suspensions are driven by leadership decisions.<br /><br />These findings echo the public’s anecdotal understanding of the strong role that principals play in establishing school climate and discipline. Consider Charlotte-Mecklenburg’s recent approach to limiting suspensions among young elementary-school students. Suspending very young students has come under public criticism across the country, with policymakers in New York City, Colorado, and New Jersey weighing moratoriums on the practice. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg school board considered a moratorium but <a href="https://www.charlotteobserver.com/article166275962.html">opted to limit principal discretion instead</a> and now requires the superintendent’s approval. In 2017–18, the first year of the new policy, the number of suspensions for K–2 students <a href="https://www.cms.k12.nc.us/sites/agenda/Lists/Agenda%20Items/Attachments/4843/2017-18%20K-2%20Suspension%20Summary%20-%20Qtr%202%20(final)%202-12-18.pdf">fell by 90 percent</a>.<br /><b><br />Implications</b><br /><br />Misbehaving peers can have strong negative impacts on other students in the classroom, and all students need a safe, predictable, and peaceful environment to thrive. But our findings show that the school-to-prison pipeline is real and poses substantial risks for students in strict school environments. On average, students who attend middle schools that rely heavily on suspensions are at greater risk of being arrested and incarcerated as young adults and less likely to graduate from high school and go to college. Further, these effects are most pronounced for Black and Hispanic males, who are dramatically underrepresented among college graduates and overrepresented in the nation’s prison system.<br /><br />This raises a critical question for policymakers and educators who enforce strict school discipline: for whom are our schools safe? And it establishes an opportunity for principals and organizations that support school leadership to weigh the tradeoffs between strict discipline practices and longer-term outcomes for students. As the nation continues to grapple with questions about racial equity and police reform, the contributing causal role that school-discipline practices play in raising the risk of criminality in adulthood cannot be ignored.<br /><br />Andrew Bacher-Hicks is assistant professor of education at Boston University. Stephen B. Billings is associate professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. David J. Deming is professor at the Harvard Kennedy School and Harvard Graduate School of Education.<br /><br />Last updated July 27, 2021<br /><a href="https://www.educationnext.org/permissions"><br /><br /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-7164740020819142002021-07-26T16:12:00.001-04:002021-07-27T00:48:17.171-04:00Disability Rights Education<p></p><blockquote><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Dear Constant Readers: We've been on a health and pandemic inspired hiatus and vacationing with family this summer. Please forgive our long absence, but know that we’re back and ready to roll. ~ Carol & John </span></blockquote><p></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv2768390828templateContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px solid rgb(161, 210, 231); color: black; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; width: 600px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv2768390828templateHeader" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-width: 0px; min-width: 100%; width: 600px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828headerContainer" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnImageBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnImageBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnImageBlockInner" style="outline: none; padding: 9px;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnImageContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnImageContent" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 9px;" valign="top"><img align="left" alt="" class="yiv2768390828mcnImage" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallery.mailchimp.com%2Fd8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349%2Fimages%2Fnews_se.jpg&t=1627328683&ymreqid=82e7822b-dfeb-55bb-2f2c-5a000d010900&sig=9wRY3XGJ1M_ZdwgMaiRASw--~D" style="border: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 530px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; visibility: visible;" width="530" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlockInner" style="outline: none; padding-top: 9px;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; outline: none; padding: 0px 18px 9px;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">July 2021</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td align="center" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv2768390828templateBody" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-width: 0px; min-width: 100%; width: 600px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" class="yiv2768390828sectionContainer" style="outline: none;" valign="top" width="390"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv2768390828templateBodyInner" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828bodyContainer" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlockInner" style="outline: none; padding-top: 9px;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; outline: none; padding: 0px 18px 9px;" valign="top"><h1 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Back to School 2021</span></h1><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">A new school year brings anticipation and excitement for many students—and sometimes a little relief for parents and caregivers! But in addition to book bags and new lesson plans returning to school this year also includes concerns about shifting back to in person learning. Input from parents and youth remains an essential part of the IEP process. Especially this year, because most parents have gained valuable firsthand insights after supervising, if not teaching, your children at home.</span></p><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">To get off to a strong start, consider these tips:</span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Contact your child's case manager or 504 site coordinator in writing</span></h2><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Find out who your child's case manager will be this year, along with the names of any new specialists or service providers. Confirm that the special education department has contacted all your child's teachers about the services, supports and accommodations in your child's plan so any needed training or information is in place beforehand. Often, teachers only receive an "IEP at a Glance" or 504 summary when the school year begins. Write now to make sure this critical information has been provided in advance, so the teacher has time to ask questions and adequately prepare.</span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Set clear expectations for when, where and how needed evaluations, services and supports will be provided</span></h2><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Support specified in an IEP or 504 plans should begin immediately unless the signed IEP or 504 plan says differently. When plans are not implemented from day one, things can go wrong quickly. Because of the pandemic, many schools did not meet necessary legal timelines for evaluation or IEP reviews last year. If this is true for your student, request an update on the status of any incomplete evaluation, and make sure everyone agrees on an expected date of completion.</span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Provide teaching staff with information about your child</span></h2><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">No one knows your child better than you do. Prepare a brief summary or "Parent Report" listing your child's strengths and areas that need more attention. Make sure to highlight anything you've observed which might make the process easier including strategies that work for your child and what their hopes and worries are for this school year. Your insights about what worked and what needs improvement might be especially valuable this year since you saw it firsthand--one of the few upsides of distance learning!</span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Communicate and gather data</span></h2><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Ask how your child's teachers want to communicate, and honor their preferences. Check in as needed, and ask for specific information including work samples, behavior logs, tests, or assessment results to help you monitor your child's progress. If you use email, print out email messages, and keep hard copies for your records. For the most important information, ask the school for confirmation that correspondence was received.</span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Be a positive presence and request positive feedback</span></h2><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Develop a positive relationship with your child's teachers, specialists and school administrators. Celebrate successes. Don't call or visit school only when there is a problem. Let administrators and teachers know when your child is doing well in addition to when issues arise. The better your relationship with the school is, the more your child will benefit. Ask that student successes be acknowledged and shared so communication isn't limited to problems.</span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Bring the team together early</span></h2><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Remember, you can request an IEP or 504 meeting at any time if you have concerns about your child's program or progress! It is best to do this in writing so that legal timelines are recorded and put in place. If your child has a 504 plan, you can request a meeting about it too. Sample letters to request these meetings are located here: <a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=e306130461&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">DREDF Special Education Sample Letters and Forms</a></span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Make sure additional supports are identified and included</span></h2><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">If you have concerns about your child falling behind or not keeping up due to the pandemic they may be eligible for compensatory education (extra support to help get them back where they would have been if services had been provided as required in the IEP or if the state and federal timelines and requirements had been followed to identify their needs or meet legal timelines). Put these concerns in writing and request a meeting. NOTE: This individual determination may or may not be agreed to because of a variety of factors. See this <a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=d302d699e4&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">FAQ on Compensatory Education in the time of COVID-19</a> for a more detailed explanation.</span></p><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Additional funding was provided to help meet the needs of students struggling due toschool closures and learning loss because of COVID-19. Students with disabilities should be considered for these programs too. <a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=b470308b02&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">DREDF's May 2021 newsletter</a>provides more information on this topic.</span></p><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Finally, remember your advocacy basics:</span></h2><ul><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Collaborate and problem solve at the local level wherever possible<br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Use evidence and specific examples to back up your requests and concerns<br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Request an IEP meeting to bring the team together to discuss learning loss, regression, student needs and limited progress toward goals to individualize support moving forward.<br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Put concerns in writing and deliver in ways that provide proof that the school received them.<br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Contact your parent training information center if you need more help to understand the Special Education process and your rights and options</span></li></ul><h2 style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Resources:</span></h2><ul><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=7851af4c0d&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">IEP Tips for New School Year | Back-to-School Individualized Education Program Tips</a><br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=11b9c466f4&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Back to school: For kids with disabilities, collaboration on returning to classrooms is essential</a><br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=d1bc4b9bff&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Do Kids With IEPs Have to Go Back to In-Person School?</a><br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=c92060d872&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Find Your Parent Center</a><br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=46a80528d8&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Communicating with Your Student's School Through Letter Writing</a><br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=5263751aae&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Key Definitions in IDEA | A Reference List</a><br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=fea7e07c63&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">OSEP English-Spanish Glossary</a><br /> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=b51a30ea6d&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Parents' Rights - Quality Assurance Process (CA Dept of Education)</a><br /> </span></li><li><a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=794ac0110d&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Sample Letters and Forms - Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlockInner" style="min-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 8px 18px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerContent" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="outline: none;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlockInner" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="outline: none; padding: 9px 18px;"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContentContainer" style="background-color: #a1d2e7; border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; outline: none; padding: 18px;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><strong>Upcoming Online Training</strong><br />(Using Zoom)</span></span></div><p style="line-height: 21px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Special Education Training:<br />Understanding Special Education: IEP Basics and Beyond (introductory training)<br /><br /><strong>Date:</strong> August 9, 2021<br /><strong>Time:</strong> 7:00 pm – 8:30 pm</span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 22px;"><strong><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Registration is required:</span></strong></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonBlockOuter"><tr><td align="center" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonBlockInner" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 18px 18px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonContentContainer" style="background-color: #cc0000; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonContent" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; outline: none; padding: 8px;" valign="middle"><a class="yiv2768390828mcnButton" href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=efd491aff6&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: white; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Training Registration"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Training Registration</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlockInner" style="min-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 8px 18px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerContent" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="outline: none;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlockInner" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="outline: none; padding: 9px 18px;"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContentContainer" style="background-color: #e3e6e6; border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; outline: none; padding: 18px;" valign="top"><h3 style="font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Special Presentation:</span></h3><h4 style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Learn More About Special Education Funding in California</span></h4><p style="line-height: 21px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Please join us on <strong>August 5, 2021</strong>, to learn about California's special education funding from <strong>Heather Calomese</strong>, Special Education Director and <strong>Stacey Wedin</strong>, Education Administrator.</span></p><p style="line-height: 21px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Heather and Stacey will help families of students with disabilities understand how California's special education funding – including new federal and state funds – are intended to be spent, and how we can be involved in and reimagine how schools use the funds!</span></p><p style="line-height: 21px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><strong>Date:</strong> Thursday, August 5, 2021<br /><strong>Time:</strong> 1:00 – 2:00 Pacific</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><strong><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">You must register for this event:</span></strong></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonBlockOuter"><tr><td align="center" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonBlockInner" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 18px 18px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonContentContainer" style="background-color: #cc0000; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" class="yiv2768390828mcnButtonContent" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 24px; outline: none; padding: 8px;" valign="middle"><a class="yiv2768390828mcnButton" href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=d4ebe02bcd&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: white; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Special Presentation Registration"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Special Presentation Registration</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerBlockInner" style="min-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 8px 18px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnDividerContent" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="outline: none;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextBlockInner" style="outline: none; padding-top: 9px;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; outline: none; padding: 0px 18px 9px;" valign="top"><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><strong>Accommodations</strong>: If you need accommodations to participate in the training, please contact <a href="mailto:hmin@dredf.org" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:hmin@dredf.org">hmin@dredf.org</a> or call 510 644-2555 at soon as possible. We generally need 10 days to arrange accommodations and we want to make sure you are included!</span></p><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Note: We offer all our DREDF Special Education training in Spanish and post other training that may be of interest where we are participating but not hosting on our website as well. See <a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=a61b147209&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">DREDF's Calendar</a> for more information.</span></strong></p><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Need to talk with an Education Advocate? To contact the PTI, call 510-644-2555, ext. 5227, or email us at <a href="mailto:iephelp@dredf.org" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:iephelp@dredf.org">iephelp@dredf.org</a>. The education advocates at DREDF's Parent Training & Information Center (PTI) are available to answer calls and emails though there may be delays due to the needs of staff working from home. Thank you for your understanding!</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlock" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlockOuter"><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextBlockInner" style="outline: none;" valign="top"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnBoxedTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td style="outline: none; padding: 9px 18px;"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContentContainer" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px solid rgb(204, 0, 0); min-width: 100%; width: 100%px;"><tbody><tr><td class="yiv2768390828mcnTextContent" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; outline: none; padding: 18px;" valign="top"><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">#VaccinateAll58<br /><strong>As more people are vaccinated, especially in our hardest hit communities, we can envision a day when California reaches community immunity – in which strict public health measures will no longer be needed</strong>. But until then, we must not let our guard down. We must continue wearing masks, physical distancing, and getting vaccinated when our turn comes.</span></p><p style="line-height: 22.5px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">For the latest information on eligibility for the vaccine, please visit <a href="https://dredf.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d8372142072c8ce7f2e90e349&id=19740342e1&e=d1570c14ea" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #3232f5; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">VaccinateALL58.com</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-52249430339703388442021-05-17T10:50:00.004-04:002021-05-17T11:08:25.765-04:00Dissent is as American as Apple Pie, the 4th of July and Ruth Bader Ginsburg<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span> Just a </span></span><span style="color: #990000;">few of Supreme Court Justice </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: georgia;">RBG’s </span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: georgia;">Memorable Dissents</span></span></p><div class="container s-lib-side-borders pad-top-med" id="s-lg-tabs-container" style="border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; width: 1170px;"><div id="s-lg-guide-tabs" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><div class="col-md-9" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 900px;"><div class="s-lg-tab-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="tab-pane active" id="s-lg-guide-main" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="row s-lg-row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><div class="col-md-12" id="s-lg-col-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 900px;"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="s-lg-box-wrapper-15344088" id="s-lg-box-wrapper-15344088" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="s-lib-box-container" id="s-lg-box-13012236-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><div class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std s-lib-floating-box" id="s-lg-box-13012236" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border: 0px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 0px 20px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 870px;"><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-13012236" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="s-lib-box-content s-lib-floating-box-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px;"><div class="clearfix" id="s-lg-content-27656691" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">City of Chi. v. Int'l Coll. of Surgeons</u>, 522 U.S. 156, 175 (1997) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1997/96-910" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to Oyez</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Amoco Prod. Co. v. S. UTE Indian Tribe</u>, 526 U.S. 865, 880 (1999) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1998/98-830" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to Oyez</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Palazzolo v. R.I.</u>, 533 U.S. 606, 645 (2001) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000/99-2047" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to Oyez</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gratz v. Bollinger</u>, 539 U.S. 244, 298 (2003) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-516" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to Oyez</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cheney v. United States</u>, 542 U.S. 367, 487 (2004)</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/03pdf/03-475.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to </a><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/03pdf/03-475.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">SupremeCourt.gov</a>. </span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cooper Indus. v. Aviall Serv.</u>, 543 U.S. 157, 171 (2004) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/04pdf/02-1192.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to S</a><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/04pdf/02-1192.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;">upremeCourt.gov</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.</u>, 550 U.S. 618, 643 (2007) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-1074.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to S</a><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-1074.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;">upremeCourt.gov</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Gonzales v. Carhart</u>, 550 U.S. 124, 169 (2007) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-380.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SupremeCourt.gov</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc.</u>, 555 U.S. 7, 43 (2008)</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/winter-et-al-v-natural-resources-defense-council-inc-et-al/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ricci v. DeStefano</u>, 557 U.S. 557, 608 (2009)</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/ricci-et-al-v-destefano-et-al/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. v. United States</u>, 556 U.S. 599, 620 (2009)</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/burlington-northern-and-santa-fe-railway-company-et-al-v-united-states-shell-oil-company-v-united-states/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Se. Alaska Conservation Council</u>, 557 U.S. 261, 296 </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(2009) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/coeur-alaska-inc-v-southeast-alaska-conservation-council-et-al-and-alaska-v-southeast-alaska-conservation-council-et-al/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Connick v. Thompson</u>, 563 U.S. 51, 79 (2011) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/connick-v-thompson/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">United States v. Tohono O'odham Nation</u>, 563 U.S. 307, 330 (2011) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/united-states-v-tohono-oodham-nation/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kentucky v. King</u>, 563 U.S. 452, 473 (2011) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/kentucky-v-king-2/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Coleman v. Maryland Ct. of Appeals</u>, 132 S. Ct. 1327, 1339 (2012) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/coleman-v-maryland-court-of-appeals/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</u>, 133 S. Ct. 1351, 1373 (2013) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/kirtsaeng-v-john-wiley-sons-inc/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Fisher v. Univ. of Tex.</u>, 133 S. Ct. 2411, 2432 (2013) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/fisher-v-university-of-texas-at-austin/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Shelby Cty. v. Holder</u>, 133 S. Ct. 2612, 2632 (2013) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/shelby-county-v-holder/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Vance v. Ball State Univ.</u>, 133 S. Ct. 2434, 2454 (2013)</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/vance-v-ball-state-university/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.</u>, 134 S. Ct. 2751, 2787 (2014) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/sebelius-v-hobby-lobby-stores-inc/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">CTS Corp. v. Waldburger</u>, 134 S. Ct. 2175, 2189 (2014) </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/cts-corp-v-waldburger/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</u>, 136 S. Ct. 1540, <span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">1554 (2016) </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/spokeo-inc-v-robins/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm'n</u>, </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">138 S. Ct. 1719, 1748 (2018) <span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span> <span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/masterpiece-cakeshop-ltd-v-colorado-civil-rights-commn/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></li></ul></span><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hernandez v. Mesa</u>, 140 S. Ct. 735, 753 (2020) </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li></span><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/hernandez-v-mesa-2/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">McKinney v. Arizona</u>, 140 S. Ct. 702, 709 (2020)<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting).</span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/mckinney-v-arizona/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Republican Nat'l Comm. v. Democratic Nat'l Comm.</u>, </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">140 S. Ct. 1205, 1208 (2020)</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/republican-national-committee-v-democratic-national-committee-2/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u style="box-sizing: border-box;">Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter & Paul Home v. Pennsylvania</u>, </li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">140 S. Ct. 2367, 2400 (2020)</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> (Ginsburg, J., dissenting). <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/little-sisters-of-the-poor-saints-peter-and-paul-home-v-pennsylvania/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to SCOTUSblog</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg</span>, 512 U.S. 415, 436 (1994) </span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">(Ginsburg, J., dissenting). </span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1993/93-644" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2954d1; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">LINK to Oyez</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"> </span></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-36629288728418620272021-04-20T07:09:00.000-04:002021-04-20T07:09:11.632-04:00<p> <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit;">2020 Teacher Salaries</span></p><header class="entry-header" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-04-19T07:13:14-04:00" itemprop="datePublished"><span style="font-size: large;">By John R. Butcher</span></time></span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-04-19T07:13:14-04:00" itemprop="datePublished">April 19, 2021</time></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; line-height: 1.8em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cranky</span></a></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">It’s Spring and the data in the lower half of the 2020 <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/supts_annual_report/2019-20/index.shtml" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out;">Superintendent’s Annual Report</a> have sprouted. </p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/supts_annual_report/2019-20/table19-fy20.xlsx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out;">Table 19</a> reports on salaries in some detail. As well, it provides an overview report of division average salaries of “All Instructional Positions” (classroom teachers, guidance counselors, librarians, technology instructors, principals, and assistant principals). Here is a summary of those summary data:</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/image.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="530" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/image_thumb.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="698" /></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The gold bar is Richmond. The red bars are the peer cities, from the left Hampton, Newport News, and Norfolk. The blue bar is Northumberland, which is just a few dollars above the division average. The green bar is Lynchburg (with a hat tip to James Weigand).</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Here is a list of the eight Big Spenders, along with the Richmond peers and two averages. The right hand column is the difference from the division average.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/image-1.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/image_thumb-1.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="268" /></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Falls Church leads the pack with an average salary 54.4% above the division average.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The “Teacher Average” is the average instructional salary over all instructional personnel, while the “Division Average” is the average of the division averages. The former number is much larger, primarily because of the higher salaries and larger numbers of personnel in those large NoVa divisions. Notably: Fairfax has 16,363.92 positions (I’d like to meet that 0.92 person) at a $79,554 average.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Finally, here are Richmond and the suburbs.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/image-2.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0s ease-in-out;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="178" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/image_thumb-2.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="320" /></a></p></div><footer class="entry-meta" style="color: #595959; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;"><span class="cat-links" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></footer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-42862598497421543022021-04-07T15:17:00.000-04:002021-04-07T15:17:32.905-04:00 Report calls on arts funders to support 'Solidarity Economy'<p></p><div class="attribute-image full-head" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; float: left; font-family: "Algebra Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; height: 250px; margin: 7px 0.95em 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 250px;"><img alt="Report calls on arts funders to support 'Solidarity Economy'" class="" height="292" src="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/site_pnd/news/report-calls-on-arts-funders-to-support-solidarity-economy/24877365-1-eng-US/report-calls-on-arts-funders-to-support-solidarity-economy_full_image.jpg" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; height: 250px; image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; width: 250px;" title="Report calls on arts funders to support 'Solidarity Economy'" width="250" /></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><div class="attribute-body ezoe" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "Algebra Web", Georgia, serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">A report from <a href="https://www.giarts.org/" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: 0.5s ease;" target="_self">Grantmakers in the Arts</a> highlights how arts and culture grantmakers can engage in systems-change work to address the root causes of cultural inequity and advance a more just economy.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Funded by the <a data-gmkey="HOST003" href="https://www.barrfoundation.org/" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: 0.5s ease;" target="_self">Barr</a>, <a href="https://hewlett.org/" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: 0.5s ease;" target="_self">William and Flora Hewlett</a>, and <span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://krfoundation.org/" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: 0.5s ease;" target="_self">Kenneth Rainin</a> </span>foundations, the report, <a href="https://art.coop/home/#welcome" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: 0.5s ease;" target="_self"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Solidarity Not Charity: Arts & Culture Grantmaking in the Solidarity Economy</i></a> (121 pages, PDF), provides an overview of the "Solidarity Economy," a community-controlled ecosystem based on five principles — cooperation, intersectional equity, participatory democracy, pluralism, and sustainability — and how grantmakers can help strengthen such an ecosystem by supporting Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) arts workers and culture-bearers. According to the report, the cultural sector in the United States as currently configured reinforces systemic racism, with 60 percent of philanthropic funding concentrated among just 2 percent of cultural institutions and BIPOC artists experiencing higher rates of unemployment and loss of income than their white peers as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Grantmakers, artists, and culture-bearers interviewed for the study unanimously called for rejecting pre-pandemic models and strengthening efforts already under way by artists, organizers, community groups, and nonprofits focused on strengthening movements for racial and economic justice. The economic system needed for cultural equity is not only possible, the report argues, it already exists in the form of mutual aid networks, time banks, community land trusts and gardens, worker and investment cooperatives, and credit unions.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Moreover, arts and culture grantmakers are well positioned to advance the Solidarity Economy, the report argues, because "philanthropy excels at building and supporting infrastructure and institutions;...funders are seeking to learn about ways to support cooperative business structures; and...artists and culture-bearers are leading this work."</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">To that end, the authors call on funders to embrace systems change and conduct a "power analysis"; commit to supporting long-term work with multiyear grants, loans, and equity investments; support collaboration, leadership development, and study groups; and advocate for policies that support Solidarity Economy infrastructure. The report and interactive <a href="https://art.coop/home/#welcome" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: 0.5s ease;" target="_self">website</a> provide examples of arts and culture groups and initiatives involved in the Solidarity Economy, actions that grantmakers can take, and additional resources.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">"Artists and culture-bearers were already suffering from low wages and precarity and for many, the COVID-19 pandemic was the final blow to their livelihoods," said Natalia Linares, one of the report’s co-authors. "From artist-owned and -governed enterprises, to efforts to build community control of the resources all people need to survive, we have the tools to build a transformative culture that inspires many more people to resist oppressive systems and build life-affirming ones. That is the power of culture, to renew our collective imaginations and push people everywhere to sow systems-change at the root."</p></div><div class="attribute-sources" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "LL Akkurat Regular Web", "Open Sans", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; margin: 0px; padding: 1em 0px 0px;"><span class="content-view-embed embed-pnd_source class-pnd_source" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; transform: none;"><span class="attribute-url" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">"<a href="https://art.coop/home/#welcome" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: 0.5s ease;">Solidarity Not Charity: Arts & Culture Grantmaking in the Solidarity Economy.</a>."</span> <span class="attribute-source_name" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">Grantmakers in the Arts report </span><span class="attribute-date" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">03/24/2021.</span></span><span class="content-view-embed embed-pnd_source class-pnd_source" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; transform: none;">"Grantmakers in the Arts releases report on arts and rulture grantmaking in the solidarity economy" <span class="attribute-source_name" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">Grantmakers in the Arts press release </span><span class="attribute-date" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">03/24/2021.</span></span></div><div class="content-tagging" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(30, 30, 30); color: #1e1e1e; font-family: "Algebra Web", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 1em 0px 3em; padding: 0px;"><div class="attribute-tags_interest" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; font-family: "LL Akkurat Regular Web", "Open Sans", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: fit-content;"><span class="label-subject" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">Subjects: <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Aafrican%20americans%20/%20blacks&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=african%20americans%20/%20blacks" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">African Americans / Blacks</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Aarts%20/%20culture&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=arts%20/%20culture" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Arts / Culture</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Aminorities&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=minorities" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Minorities</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Anative%20americans&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=native%20americans" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Native Americans</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Apublic%20affairs&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=public%20affairs" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Public Affairs</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Asocial%20justice&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=social%20justice" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Social Justice</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Aphilanthropy%20/%20voluntarism&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=philanthropy%20/%20voluntarism" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Philanthropy / Voluntarism</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Acommunity%20improvement%20/%20development&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=community%20improvement%20/%20development" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Community Improvement / Development</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Aracial%20equity&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=racial%20equity" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Racial Equity</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_interest_lk%3Acovid19&activeFacets[attr_tags_interest_lk:Interests]=covid19" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">COVID19</a></span></div><div class="attribute-tags_people" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="label-people" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "LL Akkurat Regular Web", "Open Sans", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">People: <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_people_lk%3Anatalia%20linares&activeFacets[attr_tags_people_lk:People]=natalia%20linares" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Natalia Linares</a></span></div><div class="attribute-tags_organization" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="label-orgnization" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "LL Akkurat Regular Web", "Open Sans", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">Organization: <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_organization_lk%3Awilliam%20and%20flora%20hewlett%20foundation&activeFacets[attr_tags_organization_lk:Organization]=william%20and%20flora%20hewlett%20foundation" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">William And Flora Hewlett Foundation</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_organization_lk%3Abarr%20foundation&activeFacets[attr_tags_organization_lk:Organization]=barr%20foundation" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Barr Foundation</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_organization_lk%3Akenneth%20rainin%20foundation&activeFacets[attr_tags_organization_lk:Organization]=kenneth%20rainin%20foundation" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Kenneth Rainin Foundation</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?filter[]=attr_tags_organization_lk%3Agrantmakers%20in%20the%20arts&activeFacets[attr_tags_organization_lk:Organization]=grantmakers%20in%20the%20arts" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">Grantmakers In The Arts</a></span></div><div class="attribute-tags_location" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="label-location" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "LL Akkurat Regular Web", "Open Sans", Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform: none;">Location: <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?SearchText=&filter[]=attr_tags_location_lk%3Anational&activeFacets[attr_tags_location_lk:Location]=national" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">National</a>; <a href="https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/content/search/?SearchText=&filter[]=attr_tags_location_lk%3Ainternational&activeFacets[attr_tags_location_lk:Location]=international" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1e1e1e; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: capitalize; transition: 0.5s ease;">International</a></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-71804731465144897722021-04-07T12:51:00.000-04:002021-04-07T12:51:09.104-04:00<p><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: x-large;"> <b> Bolstering Executive Function in Middle and High School Students</b></span></p><header style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><br /></span></div><div class="css-fn6d52" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 25px; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 18px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">When adults support development of teens’ executive function skills during the critical years of adolescence, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8px;">it can have a lifelong impact. </span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #783f04; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: 0.6px;"><b>View transcript:</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Baskerville"; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: 0.8px;">Narrator: It's easy to write off teenagers as lazy, forgetful, or disengaged. But when we support them in aligning their thoughts and behaviors with their goals, we help them meet success in school now, and in careers and life later. Adolescence is a critical time for the development of executive function skills.</span></p></div><div class="css-8nyidz" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 27px;"><div class="css-mejpn9" data-testid="expander-text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 30px;"><div class="expander-text__container" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="school-primer__explainer" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="css-1390txc rich-text" data-testid="rich-text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 3px;"><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">In middle and high school, when switching classes and managing workloads from several teachers becomes the norm, some students may struggle. Proficiency in these skills can vary greatly from student to student. This is developmentally normal, and factors like ADHD, stress, and boredom can impair executive functioning. But within this struggle lies an excellent opportunity to make a lifelong impact, since we know that executive functioning is a strong indicator of future success.</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Increasingly, research is zeroing in on tools that teens and teachers can use to strengthen executive function. A trove of new research suggests that when students are routinely given time to write or speak about the ways they might improve their study habits, ace an upcoming test, or manage their social anxiety, they feel a deeper sense of belonging, attend school more frequently, and improve their academic performance.</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Giving students tools like calendars, trackers, and priority lists, won't work if the students aren't motivated to use them. So integrate planning tools into your daily routine, or even ask students to submit them for credit and assign longer projects that require careful planning. When teens provide advice about optimal study habits to their peers, they convince themselves and improve their own grades.</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Try breaking students into groups to discuss strategies for an upcoming test or presentation. Or ask them to write emails to their peers about how to manage their complex schedules. Purpose drives learning, but there's far too much emphasis placed on the teacher's role as inspirational leader.</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Research from 2014 reveals that when students do the work themselves, identifying real world problem they're passionate about, or imagining themselves in careers that can change the world, they improve their grades, attend and finish college at higher rates, and spend more time on challenging tasks. By helping students build a connection between school tasks and their personal goals, we can support them in developing the habit of using metacognitive strategies to accomplish longer term achievement. </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></header><div class="css-1390txc rich-text" data-testid="rich-text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 36px;"><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">The teenage years, when students start to juggle priorities and manage workloads from multiple teachers, are critical for the development of executive function—a set of skills that help us organize, prioritize, focus, and exercise self-control in order to be productive and accomplish tasks. These skills have been shown to be strong indicators of success in school and in life. </span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Over the years, an extensive body of research has surfaced actionable ways to develop these skills; listed below are links to the studies cited in the video. </span></p><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; list-style-position: inside; padding-left: 0px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Harvard’s Center on the Developing Child’s <a href="https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/inbrief-executive-function/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">work on how executive function builds skills for life and learning</a> (2012)</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Zelazo, Blair, and Willoughby’s <a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED570880.pdf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">study on executive function’s implications for education</a> (2017)</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Borman, Rozek, Pyne, and Hanselman’s <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/33/16286" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">study on the benefits of reappraising academic and social adversity</a> (2019)</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Rozek, Ramirez, Fine, and Beilock’s <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/5/1553" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">study on students’ emotional regulation</a> (2019)</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Thomaes, Tjaarda, Brummelman, and Sedikides’s <a href="https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdev.13347?af=R" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">study on how effort self-talk benefits math performance</a> (2019)</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Eskreis-Winkler, Milkman, Gromet, and Duckworth’s <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/30/14808" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">study on how giving advice improves academic outcomes for the adviser</a> (2019)</span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Hulleman and Harackiewicz’s <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40452728_Promoting_Interest_and_Performance_in_High_School_Science_Classes" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">study on connecting science course materials to students’ lives</a> (2009) </span></li><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 29px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 15px 20px; padding-left: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Yeager et al.’s <a href="https://www.perts.net/static/documents/yeager_2014.pdf" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">study on how purpose for learning fosters academic self-regulation</a>(2014)</span></li></ul><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.8px; line-height: 27px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">To learn more about these strategies and the research behind them, see “<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.edutopia.org/article/8-ways-bolster-executive-function-teens-and-tweens" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00a7e1; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">8 Ways to Bolster Executive Function in Teens and Tweens</a></em>.”</span></p></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-76601114799824754402021-04-02T16:32:00.000-04:002021-04-02T16:32:46.896-04:00<br /><h1 style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;">An Abbreviated History of</div> <div style="text-align: center;">School Lunch in America</div></h1><div class="article-column-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.95); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.95); font-family: sans-serif;"><div class="article-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="partial lead-image" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; justify-content: center; position: relative;"><div class="image-and-burst" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex: 1 1 auto; position: relative;"><div class="component lazy-image lead-media marquee_large_2x no-upscale rendered image-loaded" data-alt="A school lunch as specified by the Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1966." data-crop="marquee_large_2x" data-min-width="600" data-shop-image="false" data-src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/school-lunch.jpeg" data-title="A school lunch as specified by the Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1966." style="align-items: center; background-image: none; box-sizing: border-box; caption-side: bottom; display: flex !important; justify-content: center; margin: auto auto 32px; max-height: none; min-height: 300px !important; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="inner-container js-inner-container " style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table; position: relative;"><img alt="A school lunch as specified by the Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1966." src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/school-lunch.jpeg?w=1148&quality=70" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; max-height: 600px; max-width: 100%; position: relative; top: 0px; width: auto;" title="A school lunch as specified by the Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1966." /><div class="image-wrap-container clearfix" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table-caption; padding-left: 16px !important; padding-right: 16px !important; padding-top: 8px !important;"><div class="credit body-caption padding-8-top" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 15px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 0px !important;">A school lunch as specified by the Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., June 1, 1966.</div><div class="credit body-credit padding-8-top padding-8-bottom" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #a3a5a9; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 15px; margin-left: 16px; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 0px !important;">Underwood Archives / Getty Images</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="author scale-12 padded margin-24-tb clearfix" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Zilla Slab", Lora, Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin: 24px auto; max-width: 700px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;"><div class="author-text" data-tracking-zone="author" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #8b8d91; line-height: 1.85; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 640px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="padding-8-right" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; padding-right: 0px;">BY <a class="bold author-name" href="https://time.com/author/emelyn-rude/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none;">EMELYN RUDE</a></div></div></div><div class="article content body clearfix" data-tracking-zone="body" id="article-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto 12px; max-width: 1120px;"><div class="padded" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 700px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;"><span class="dropcap" style="border-left-color: rgb(233, 6, 6); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-color: rgb(233, 6, 6); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; font-family: "Zilla Slab", Lora, Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 48px; margin: 2px 10px 2px 0px; padding: 8px 2px 8px 5px;">A</span>s America’s youngsters begin yet another school year, so too will surely begin again the annual debate over what those kids are eating. School lunches today are, to put it mildly, a source of much <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/magazine/how-school-lunch-became-the-latest-political-battleground.html?_r=0" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">controversy</a>—but this has not always been the case.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">By 1900, 34 of the then 45 states had laws calling for compulsory education of all children under the age of 14. Well aware of the tremendous social inequality of this industrial era, reformers saw the need to improve the outcomes of all students drawn into the education system. “If it is a matter of principle in democratic America that every child shall be given a certain amount of instruction,” wrote reformer Robert Hunter in his heart-wrenching 1904 book <a href="https://ia800203.us.archive.org/26/items/poverty01huntgoog/poverty01huntgoog.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Poverty</em></a><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">, </em>“let us render it possible for them to receive it… by making full and adequate provision for the physical needs of the children who come from the homes of poverty.” Access to healthy food was one of these needs and schools were in a unique position to provide their pupils with nutritious meals.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">Philadelphia and Boston were the <a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/history" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">first two American cities</a> to institute school lunch programs, starting at the end of the 19th century. These efforts were spearheaded largely by welfare organizations, such as the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union in Boston and the <a href="http://www.nursing.upenn.edu/history/Documents/Starr%20Centre%20Association%20of%20Philadelphia.pdf" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">Starr Center Association</a> in Philadelphia, which began serving up hot meals for the price of a penny in high schools as early as 1894.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">The response these programs received was overwhelmingly positive. As one report submitted to <a href="http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=hearth;cc=hearth;q1=unanimous;rgn=full%20text;idno=4732504_2_006;didno=4732504_2_006;view=image;seq=0063" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Journal of Home Economics</em></a>in 1910 describes, “the teachers [in Boston] are unanimous in the belief that the luncheons are helping the children both physically and mentally.”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">These programs were shown to be not only providing growing bodies with nutritious foods, but they were also teaching children healthy eating habits and helping them learn to <a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/history" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">choose their food wisely</a>. With such excellent results, school lunches readily expanded to more schools and more municipalities across the county.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">It wasn’t until the Great Depression that the Federal government became involved in school food programs. In the early 1930s, farmers were facing financial ruin thanks to price collapses, laborers were having extreme difficulty finding work, and poor children were experiencing increasing malnutrition and hunger. School lunch programs emerged as the perfect solution to all three problems.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">Using the many arms of President Roosevelt’s New Deal, the federal government purchased surplus crops from farmers and employed thousands of women to cook and serve these food items to hungry students. By 1941, federally supported <a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/history" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">school meals programs were operating in all States</a>, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, with 64,298 individuals serving over 2 million lunches daily.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">But the school lunch program was not a permanent mandate. When food supplies dwindled and labor became scarce during World War II, the number of school meals served declined precipitously. Recognizing the benefits of keeping children well fed and healthy, in 1946 Congress passed the <a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/history_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">National School Lunch Act</a>:</p><figure class="blockquote" role="presentation" style="border-left-color: rgb(139, 141, 145); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; padding-left: 15.84px;"><blockquote style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">It is hereby declared to be the policy of Congress, as a measure of <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">national security</span> to safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children and to encourage the domestic consumption of nutritious agricultural commodities and other food, by assisting the States, through grant-in-aid and other means, in providing an adequate supply of food and other facilities for the establishment, maintenance, operation, and expansion of nonprofit school lunch programs. </span></p></blockquote></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">In the decades after, the programs expanded to feed more children in more ways. Eisenhower and Nixon both increased the budgets for school lunch programs while the <a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/history_6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">Child Nutrition Act of 1966</a>added more subsidies for low-income children, as well as school milk and school breakfast programs. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;"><span style="text-align: center;">Things changed when Ronald Reagan took office.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">In 1981, as part of an attempt to curtail government waste, the Reagan Administration slashed Federal school lunch spending by <a href="http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1929229,00.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;">$1.5 billion</a> and attempted to make up for the reduced budget by shrinking lunch portions, <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0917/091746.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">reducing the number of poor children</a>eligible for free or reduced-lunch, and famously declaring that <a href="http://www.foodpolitics.com/2011/11/ketchup-is-a-vegetable-again/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">ketchup was a vegetable</a> in order to meet nutrition standards.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">With less federal support, school lunches in the 1980s and 1990s became increasingly privatized and nutrition standards often took a back seat to the bottom line. This same period saw childhood obesity rates in the United States skyrocket. School lunches were thrust to the forefront of the debate over healthy kids. The patchwork of regulation remaining regarding food safety and wholesomeness led TIME to declare that many school districts were <a href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,393733-1,00.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;">“flunking lunch.”</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">In 2010, in an attempt to return to the original intentions of school lunch programs, Congress passed the <a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/healthy-hunger-free-kids-act" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010</a>, which allows the Department of Agriculture to overhaul school meals to meet new nutrition standards. While no one can deny the importance of better eating for growing minds (or the <a href="https://time.com/120611/michelle-obama-school-lunches/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;">enthusiasm</a> of First Lady Michelle Obama), <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/sunday-review/why-students-hate-school-lunches.html?_r=0" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">critics claim the program has produced</a> unpalatable foods that lead to food waste, smaller earnings for school lunch programs, and even more kids going without lunch. Those in favor of the reforms claim simply that it’s working. A 2016 report declares that, in spite of the hubbub in cafeterias across the country, the <a href="https://time.com/4163451/healthier-school-lunch-study/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;">new act is indeed providing kids with healthier food at school</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;">Regardless of where one stands on the debate it’s worth remembering that school lunches were once uncontroversial. And surely we can all agree on the importance of their original role: a means to make sure children are well fed and healthy, so they can grow and learn and better the nation.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "PT Serif", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 28px; max-width: 640px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Reposted with Permission from </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;"><a href="https://time.com/newsletter" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e90606; padding: 1px 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.1s ease-in-out;">Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter</a>. </em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Emelyn Rude is a food historian and the author of </em>Tastes Like Chicken<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">, available now.</em></p></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-41997285109441041122021-03-31T13:08:00.026-04:002021-03-31T14:02:56.588-04:00Why Black Teachers Walk Away<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Libre Baskerville"; letter-spacing: 0.6px;"></span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Libre Baskerville"; letter-spacing: 0.6px;"></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Libre Baskerville"; letter-spacing: 0.6px;"></span></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Libre Baskerville"; letter-spacing: 0.6px;"></span></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">By <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Youki Terada</a><br /><br />March 26, 2021 [Reposted from Edutopia.com]</span><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i><div style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: large;">“Mr. Ford is having a really hard time with his class. I’m not saying that he’s not intelligent. I’m just wondering where he went to school.”</span></i></b></div><br />Toya Frank was disheartened by a conversation she was having with a parent about a math teacher—a Black math teacher—at her school. It was her responsibility as the chair of the math department to listen to parents and focus on what was best for the students. But did that include addressing whether the Black math teachers were as qualified as their White colleagues?<br /><br />As a Black math teacher herself, Frank recognized the subtle microaggressions, the slights and insults, that teachers of color experienced on a regular basis. She was used to the brief look of disbelief when she let parents know that she was the math department chair, as if to say, “You’re the chair? I expected someone else.”<br /><br />Now a professor of mathematics education at George Mason University, Frank studies the recruitment and retention of <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Black math teachers</a>. In a new study published in <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Educational Researcher</a>, she found that compared with other factors, like salary, the level of support provided by school leadership, or a lack of resources, Black teachers’ experiences of racism played a major role in why they wanted to leave the profession.<br /><br />Frank and her colleagues surveyed 325 Black math teachers across the nation, asking a series of questions related to their feelings of isolation at their schools because of their race, how much support they received from their school leaders, and whether they had thoughts about leaving the profession. After analyzing the results, they discovered that while personal factors such as salary, sex, and age accounted for 10 percent of teachers’ thoughts of leaving the profession, their experiences of microaggressions were nearly twice as impactful, at 17 percent.<br /><br />“Ultimately, what we found was that even when we account for salary, age, gender—all of those other things that people have accounted for before in previous studies—racist microaggressions had a lot of explanatory power in our model,” said Frank. “And it was statistically significant. It was one of those things that really weighed on teachers and their thoughts of leaving.”<br /><br />THE TOLL THAT MICROAGGRESSIONS TAKE<br /><br />When experienced once or twice, microaggressions may seem inconsequential, but over the course of years—or even a lifetime—they exact a toll on a teacher’s psychological well-being. <br /><br />“Microaggressions aren’t always about race; sometimes they’re by gender, by nationality, or linguistic,” said Frank. “They’re small interpersonal slights between and among people.” For example, Black teachers often feel that their contributions aren’t acknowledged, their competence is unfairly questioned, or their assertiveness is perceived as aggression or anger. Ultimately, experiencing microaggressions on a regular basis can make teachers feel like second-class citizens in the school community. <br /><br />It’s not an infrequent occurrence; in fact, it’s astonishingly common. “About 97 percent of all the teachers who were surveyed said that they experienced some form of racial microaggression on a regular basis,” said Toya, highlighting the routine nature of microaggressions for Black teachers.<br /><br />Jenice View, a coauthor of the study and professor emerita of education at George Mason University, isn’t surprised by the regularity that Black teachers—including herself—experience racism. “I was team teaching in this program, and my colleagues were White,” recalled View. “And there was a colleague who invited us to present to his class. And he said, ‘This is Dr. So-and-so, and this is Dr. So-and-so, and then he just sort of looked at me and said, ‘And this is Jenice.’ And I said, ‘No, it’s Dr. View.’ He knew damn good and well that that was true. But it seemed important to him to present me as less-than. That was maybe, in the academy, one of the most in-my-face expressions of ‘You don’t belong.’ But, you know, there are countless others.”<br />IS MATH RACIST?<br /><br />Math is often falsely characterized as culture free, Frank and View emphasize, yet despite the appearance of neutrality, math instruction is couched within a system that sends subtle signals that math and science are the domain of White men. <br /><br />“Invariably, the mathematics and science teachers would say, ‘But 2 plus 2 equals 4 all over the world, in all cultures. Why do we have to include culture and race?’” said View. “But mathematics is a living, breathing, human endeavor. So there is culture that’s infused there.”<br /><br />“Who gets credited with math knowledge?” added Frank. “We can talk about the Fibonacci sequence and we can give credit to Fibonacci, or we can think about how people were developing similar ideas in India or Asia. I teach an algebra class, and it’s very important to me that my students know that algebra comes out of the Middle East.”<br /><br />To illustrate the point, José Vilson, a veteran middle school math teacher, explained that language operates in a similar way. “One can say that English isn’t racist,” he said. “It’s just a language. But how we use that language to solidify and concretize racist ideologies is really critical to understand here.”<br /><br />Vilson pointed out that in the United States, math is centered around Whiteness. “I don’t think that math is neutral,” he said. “Whatever axioms have come into play, when it comes to math, came from people. And people come in with their own biases. And this is layered across power. So if America has serious racial issues, especially serious racist issues, then inherently what we’re teaching is going to see manifestations of that racism.”<br /><br /><br />Black teachers also experience burnout because they’re often expected to take on additional responsibilities due to their perceived connectedness to students of color, wrote former U.S. Education Secretary John King in the <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">Washington Post</a>. This “invisible tax” puts Black teachers at greater risk of leaving the profession, draining time and energy they could otherwise commit to teaching or self-care. <br /><br />For Vilson, the invisible tax is levied when Black teachers take on challenging work, yet find themselves getting short-changed when it comes to compensation or advancement. “Too often teachers of color are often asked to be the disciplinarians in their settings,” he said. “They’re often asked to take on the worst classes, because they can handle it. In this era, too, they’re often asked to take the lead on equity issues, too, instead of finding a way to distribute that work.”<br /><br />Vilson pointed to a <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">recent study</a> as an example of how teachers of color are penalized: Researchers analyzed more than 5,500 teacher evaluations in Chicago and found that the race gap was largely a reflection of “differences in the school and classroom settings in which teachers teach, rather than real differences in teacher performance.” Black teachers were therefore “disproportionately (and incorrectly) targeted for remediation and dismissal, relative to their White peers,” the researchers concluded.<br /><br />“Black teachers are being inundated with fixing discipline,” said Frank. “The number of teachers in interviews who have talked about people marching Black and Brown boys to their classes to fix them and get them straight, that’s a microaggression.”<br /><br />Vilson pointed to Brown v. Board of Education as a historical tipping point—but with unexpected results. When school segregation was declared unconstitutional, schools that served Black students, and that were predominantly staffed by Black teachers, were shut down, and their students were bused to schools with White teachers. In the years following Brown, more than 38,000 Black educators lost their jobs, according to a <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">2014 study</a>.<br /><br />This led to a dramatic shift in how Black communities, and Black teachers, viewed the role of instruction in the classroom. “Black teachers of all disciplines, during segregation, understood what they were trying to do,” said View. “And every single disciplinary area, every single content area, was going to be a tool for dismantling institutional racism. Mathematics, of course, became one of those tools.... So that explicit language happened more naturally in schools that were racially segregated, than happen now, where sometimes the teacher—of whatever discipline—is the only Black teacher in the school, or one of a handful.”<br /><br />Today, Black teachers are acutely underrepresented in the workforce. Although <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">13 percent</a> of the U.S. population is Black, only <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">7 percent</a> of all public school teachers are. And despite efforts to diversify the teaching workforce, the percentage of Black teachers has dropped by <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">one percentage point</a> in the last 20 years.<br /><br />To better understand why Black teachers leave the profession, it’s important to look at how today’s schools are shaped by decades of institutional racism. “Education is about freedom,” said View. “That shows up in the pedagogies of Black teachers.”<br /><br />Vilson agrees. “When people talk about racism, they dilute it to the interactions that we have between any number of people,” he said. “Whereas we’re not conscientious about how so many of our policies, from when we come in all the way through to when we become veteran educators, all those elements come into play. And we often have to bear the brunt of all those elements.”<br /><br />The issue is bigger than one teacher can solve. But an important first step is to start having conversations within schools, Vilson suggests, particularly around what Black teachers bring to the table—benefits that are all too often dismissed or taken for granted.<br /><br />“People think that kids’ brains just open and you just pour information into it, and so the teacher also has to be able to take information from their brain and pour it into other folks’ brains,” said Vilson. But being a good teacher is more than having kids memorize the content. <br /><br />“My students won’t point to what standard I taught them, but they’re definitely going to point to how I made them feel like they belong, how I made them feel intelligent, how I made them shine,” said Vilson.</span><br /></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-9731795519339395672021-02-16T11:05:00.002-05:002021-02-16T11:05:59.837-05:00<p> <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit;">Richmond Schools and Provisional Teacher Licenses</span></p><header class="entry-header" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; color: #990000; font-size: large; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-02-10T13:43:58-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">By John R. Butcher</time></span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-02-10T13:43:58-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">February 10, 2021</time></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; line-height: 1.8em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; line-height: 1.8em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="View all posts by cranky">cranky</a></span></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The Virginia <a href="https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title8/agency20/chapter23/section50/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">regulation</a> says </p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-style: italic;">The Provisional License is a nonrenewable license valid for a period not to exceed three years issued to an individual who has allowable deficiencies for full licensure as set forth in this chapter.</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">VDOE <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/teaching/licensure/index.shtml" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">says</a> there is a link between teacher training and student learning: </p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Standards for teachers, administrators and other educators in Virginia’s public schools recognize the link between preparation and content knowledge and student achievement.</span></p></blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"></p><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">To the extent teacher training is linked to student achievement, larger numbers of provisional licensees reflect a problem with school quality because those licensees are teaching without the preparation required for a regular license.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The <a href="https://schoolquality.virginia.gov/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">School Quality Profiles</a> from VDOE have a <a href="https://schoolquality.virginia.gov/download-data" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">download page</a>. Under “Teacher Quality,” that page offers data, 2020 only, with counts of provisional licenses statewide, by division, and by school. </p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The database offers numbers for All Schools, High Poverty, and Low Poverty. The data further come subdivided for Title I, Non-Title I, and All Schools. <a href="https://www2.ed.gov/programs/titleiparta/index.html" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">The Feds</a> tell us that school divisions</p></blockquote><blockquote style="border-left-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 5px; font-size: 1.2em; font-style: italic; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 20px; position: relative;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">target the Title I funds they receive to schools with the highest percentages of children from low-income families. If a Title I school is operating a targeted assistance program, the school provides Title I services to children who are failing, or most at risk of failing</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Here, then, are the Richmond and state data, expressed as percentages.</p></blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image-26.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="82" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image_thumb-18.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="588" /></a></p><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The database lists all the Richmond schools as High Poverty, but provides “All Schools” Richmond numbers that are slightly different from the “High Poverty” values. Go Figure.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In any case, the Richmond All Schools/All Schools number, 15.4%, is 2.26 times the state average. As to Non-Title I, Richmond’s percentage is 1.9 times the state average; for Title I (the great majority of Richmond schools), that ratio is 2.2.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Turning to the Richmond elementary schools, we see:</p></blockquote><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image-27.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="367" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image_thumb-19.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="400" /></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The Non-Title I schools here are Munford, Holton, and Fox. </p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Next, the middle schools.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image-28.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="208" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image_thumb-20.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="400" /></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">River City is the renamed Elkhardt-Thompson. Indeed, the <a href="https://schoolquality.virginia.gov/schools/river-city-middle" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">map</a> on the VDOE Web site still lists the school by the former name.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">All the middle schools are Title I.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Finally the high schools</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image-29.png" style="border: 0px; color: #dd1c1c; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="206" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/image_thumb-21.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="400" /></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The selective schools are colored green. Community, Open, Huguenot, and TJ are Title I.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Note: Franklin also has middle school grades.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">To the extent that the <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8247" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Federal count in 2018</a> measures provisional licensees, it looks like the numbers improved between 2018 and 2020: 22.5% down to 15.4%. Stay tuned while I find out whether RPS will pony up the data by year, including this year, so we can all see the complete picture.<span style="border: 0px; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></span></p></div><footer class="entry-meta" style="color: #595959; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;"><span class="cat-links" face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></footer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-91278481954553702072021-01-21T02:13:00.021-05:002021-01-21T02:22:07.010-05:00<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; font-family: "Libre Baskerville"; font-style: inherit; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Teacher Truancy Costs, 2018 Version</span></span></p><header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); word-wrap: break-word;"><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-01-15T07:49:03-05:00" itemprop="datePublished"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Libre Baskerville; font-size: medium;">By John R. Butcher</span></time></span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">RPS is hiring a lot of substitute teachers because, as measured by the <a href="https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/crdc-2017-18.html" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">2018 CRDC</a>, astounding numbers of the full time teachers are <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8186" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">absent from work</a>. The <a href="https://www.rvaschools.net/Page/1103" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">RPS budgets</a> provide a measure of the costs.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">In the <a href="https://www.rvaschools.net/cms/lib011/VA02208089/Centricity/Domain/812/FY2017%20Adopted%20Budget.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">2017 adopted budget</a> there was a line item in “General Fund Expenditures by Object Class” under “Other Compensation” for substitutes (at category 523): “N-SUBSTITUTE INSTR PROF.”</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-22.png" style="border: 0px; color: #dd1c1c; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="280" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-22.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">In the <a href="https://www.rvaschools.net/Page/1103" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">2020 budget</a>, that category had morphed to “N-INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF.” </span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-23.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="368" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-23.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Indeed, that category title changed every year from 2017 to 2020 (and in between the category number disappeared). No telling what’s going on there.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">We can extract some useful information from this, however, because each budget contains data for the previous two years. The numbers reported under the new category titles in later budgets included those under the older titles in the earlier budgets. That is, despite the name changes, this category was, and remained, for substitute instructors.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-24.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="325" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-24.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="491" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">These budgets also include the “actual” expenditures for substitutes for the first of the three budget years: Those show RPS underestimating the substitute teacher costs by 33 to 42 percent in each of the four years analyzed above. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">And, to the point of teacher truancy, if RPS could cut the actual substitute costs by half, they could boost the full time teaching salaries by about 3% without increasing the overall budget.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-25.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="108" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-25.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="238" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;">Your tax dollars at “work.”</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><br /></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Libre Baskerville;"><i style="caret-color: rgb(153, 0, 0); color: #990000; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Editor’s Note: RPS Superintendent Jason Kamras did not respond to efforts to reach him for comment. When he does, we will gladly update this story. ~ Carol Wolf)</span></i></span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-72949123245749748522021-01-12T17:42:00.004-05:002021-01-13T17:51:10.633-05:00<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #674ea7; font-family: georgia; font-size: xx-large; font-style: inherit;">Teacher Truancy, 2018 Version</span></p><header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); word-wrap: break-word;"><div><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">By John R. Butcher</span></div><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-01-12T10:50:33-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">January 12, 2021</time></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cranky</span></a></span></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 17px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">We hear a lot about truancy and its malign effects. For example, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/chronic-absenteeism-an-old-problem-in-search-of-new-answers/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">here</a>. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Courtesy of the <a href="https://www.ed.gov/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Federales</a>, we now have <a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-k-12/reports/2012/11/05/40371/teacher-absence-as-a-leading-indicator-of-student-achievement/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">data on teacher absences</a> that may be similarly damaging to students and that certainly are harder to justify.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The 2018 version of the biennial <a href="https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/data.html" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Civil Rights Data Collection</a>, available since October, 2020, has data on both truancy and teacher absences. Let’s look at the teachers.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The feds count teacher absences >10 during the school year. Eleven days are 6.1% of a 180 day school year.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here are the 2018 counts for the Virginia school divisions.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-7.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="487" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-7.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Richmond is the gold bar at 65%. The red bars, from the left, are the peer jurisdictions Norfolk, Hampton, and Newport News. The blue bar is superimposed on one of the two divisions at the state average, 38%.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-8.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="118" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-8.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="282" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Richmond is a bit improved from the <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=5758" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">2016 report</a>. That year we were second from worst at 68%; this year, fifth at 65%.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The distribution of division rates looks like this:</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-9.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="464" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-9.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The tall, red bar marks the Richmond datum at 65%, 1.9 standard deviations above the mean.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Richmond school data show only Community, Ginter Park, Greene, Munford, and Alternative below the state average.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-10.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="610" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-10.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Little kids are notorious for being petri dishes for germs so we could expect the elementary schools to run high. In fact, except for that remarkable 9% number at Alternative, Richmond’s elementary schools reach both ends of the Richmond spectrum.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/clip_image001-1.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="clip_image001" border="0" height="421" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/clip_image001_thumb-1.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="clip_image001" width="306" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">You might think that the very few schools where the teachers mostly come to work must have unusually heathy students and teachers or excellent principals. I’ll vote for the latter. Similarly, the very many schools where most of the teachers miss a lot of school would seem to have remarkably sick people or lousy leadership. There’s no reason to expect a plethora of sick people when some schools clearly don’t have many.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">And, for sure, there is a leadership vacuum downtown and at the Board of “Education.”</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In contrast, the middle schools run high while the high schools cluster toward the high-middle.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/clip_image0014.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="clip_image001[4]" border="0" height="143" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/clip_image0014_thumb.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="clip_image001[4]" width="244" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-11.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-11.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="244" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">BTW: <a href="https://mlwgs.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Maggie Walker</a> is not a Richmond Public School (although the SOL pass rates there are <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=3110" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">reported at the public high schools</a> in the students’ home school zones) and the numbers there are in a different universe from even the best of the Richmond high schools.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-12.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="46" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-12.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="338" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In any case, it is clear that the RPS “leaders” downtown need to be directed to work that is better suited to their talents.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">We might expect the SOL performance to decline with increasing teacher truancy. Here are the reading data for the Richmond elementary schools:</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-13.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="519" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-13.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="590" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Note: Virginia’s <a href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/bat-data-dictionary.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">economically disadvantaged</a> (here “ED”) students pass the SOLs at rates some <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=6760" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">17 to 22 points lower</a> than their more affluent peers (here “Not ED”), depending on the subject. Thus the school and division average pass rates depend both on student performance and the relative numbers of ED and Not ED students. This <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=6760" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">punishes</a> the schools and divisions with large ED enrollments. We’ll avoid that issue here by looking at the rates for both groups.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">For the Richmond elementary schools, the ED reading rate drops by some 2.2% for a 10% increase in the teacher truancy but the R-squared value tells us that the teacher absences only explain about 12% of the SOL variance. As to the Not ED students, any effect is smaller (<span style="border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ca</span>. 9% for a 10% increase in teacher absences) and very nearly uncorrelated.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The math data give similar results.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-14.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="524" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-14.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The division data paint a similar picture.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-15.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="487" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-15.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-16.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="487" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-16.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In contrast to the <a href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-k-12/reports/2012/11/05/40371/teacher-absence-as-a-leading-indicator-of-student-achievement/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">national data</a>, these Virginia numbers do not show a strong relationship between SOL performance and teacher truancy. They do suggest that the absent teachers may not be much more effective at teaching than the substitutes. And, in any case, the data spotlight a massive, and expensive, management failure, both in Richmond and statewide.</span></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-35723271523202748532021-01-12T17:31:00.010-05:002021-01-12T17:35:54.114-05:00<p><span style="font-family: georgia;"> <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8160" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #7100e2; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Commonwealth of Lake Woebegon</a></span></p><p><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #595959; font-family: georgia; font-size: large; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-01-04T15:58:12-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">By John R. Butcher</time></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia;"><i><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-01-04T15:58:12-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">January 4, 2021</time></span><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px;"> </span><span class="byline" style="border: 0px; caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #595959; display: inline; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cranky</span></a></span></span></i></span></p><article class="post-8160 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized" id="post-8160" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" style="caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"><div class="inside-article" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 40px;"><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">If you wanted to boost the pass rates of the SOLs, you’d have three choices (aside from the one perfected at <a href="https://richmond.com/news/local/education/state-says-teachers-at-carver-elementary-cheated-on-sols/article_e9900de8-79e7-58e2-9f0e-146538cddc6b.html" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Carver</a>): Improve teaching, make the tests easier, or relax the scoring. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On the 2019 revision of the math tests, the Board of “Education” chose the last option: They adopted <a href="https://www.baconsrebellion.com/wp/did-the-state-reduce-the-rigor-of-math-sols/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">cut scores</a> in five of six cases that were less than the level necessary to retain the same level of rigor as the earlier tests. The <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7320" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">results</a> were predictable (and, of course, fed the false notion that student performance was improving).</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/image_thumb-2.png" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Board now has jiggered the English tests to the same end. The r<a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/boe/meetings/2020/11-nov/item-h.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">ecommendation</a>(teacher-driven; no pretense here of objectivity) was for every cut score to be lower (easier) than the level necessary to maintain the rigor of the tests. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/clip_image001.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="clip_image001" border="0" height="418" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/clip_image001_thumb.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="clip_image001" width="454" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Board rejected the Superintendent’s slightly higher recommendations and <a href="https://youtu.be/8fYGbaXRHTY" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">adopted the committee’s numbers</a> (video at 1:44:55; minutes are not yet available). This grade inflation will have the happy result of making the Board and the Superintendents and the English teachers and the students all look better, all without anybody having to break a sweat. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">It will also make it impossible to measure the effect of the coronavirus on English performance.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">This is not an anomaly, but rather part of an <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/virginia-made-a-mistake-by-easing-its-academic-standards/2020/02/07/1aa11050-4922-11ea-9164-d3154ad8a5cd_story.html" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">ongoing campaign</a> to camouflage the fading performance of the Virginia public school system. However, unfortunately for the self-serving mendacity of the “education” establishment, the <a href="https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/profiles/stateprofile/overview/VA?cti=PgTab_OT&chort=1&sub=RED&sj=VA&fs=Grade&st=MN&year=2019R3&sg=Gender%3A+Male+vs.+Female&sgv=Difference&ts=Single+Year&sfj=NP" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">NAEP data</a> for fourth grade reading</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-5.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="368" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-5.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">and eighth grade reading</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-6.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="499" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-6.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">give away the game.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Your tax dollars at “work.”</span></p></div><footer class="entry-meta" style="color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;"><span class="cat-links" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="screen-reader-text" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(50%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Categorie</span></span></span></footer></div></article><article class="post-8152 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized" id="post-8152" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" style="caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"><div class="inside-article" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 40px;"><header class="entry-header" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="border: 0px; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8152" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Richmond: The Excellent, the OK, and the Awful</span></a></h2><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-01-02T07:57:50-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">January 2, 2021</time></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cranky</span></a></span></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">While we wait to see how far the Board of Education will punt on the 2021 SOL testing, let’s look in some detail at the 2019 <a href="https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex/f?p=152:1:7598953195108:::::" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">performance</a> of Richmond’s schools (there having been no testing in 2020).</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">But first, some important background: Statewide, “<a href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/bat-data-dictionary.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">economically disadvantaged</a>” (here, “ED”) students <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=6760" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">underperform</a> their more affluent peers (“Not ED”) by some 17 to 22 points, depending on the subject. Thus the school and division average pass rates depend both on student performance and the relative numbers of ED and Not ED students. This <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=6760" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">punishes</a>the schools and divisions with large ED enrollments. We’ll avoid that issue here by looking at the rates for both groups.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">To start, here are the ED pass rate distributions of Virginia and Richmond schools on the reading tests.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The blue bars are the counts of Virginia schools with the indicated (rounded) pass rates. The red bars, with open middles so the state data can show through, are Richmond; the Richmond scale is on the right-hand axis.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The state data here (and even more in the next chart) are skewed toward the low end. That renders the usual measures of a distribution, the mean and standard deviation, less useful. The measure reported here is the median.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The two Richmond schools that aced the reading tests are Open and Community. The next entry, at 86%, is the other selective school, Franklin. The best of the mainstream schools is Marshall at 71%. The only other school to beat the state median was Cary at 68%. The eight Richmond schools in the cellar are, from the bottom, Alternative, Fairfield Court, MLK, Carver, Woodville, Chimborazo, and Mason.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Not ED data portray another disaster. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-1.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-1.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Community and Open again aced the tests. They are followed by Munford, Hill, Franklin, Fox, Alternative and, barely above the state median, Patrick Henry. At the other end, the largest failures are, from the left, Greene, MLK, Boushall, Woodville, Elkhardt-Thompson, and Henderson. Fairfield Court would surely be in that latter list but for the <a href="https://calaf.org/www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/.../bat-suppression-rules.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">suppression rule</a> (<10 Not ED students).</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Turning to the math tests, the Richmond pass rates are even less encouraging:</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-2.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-2.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The schools that beat the state median are, from the top, Open, Community, Cary, Franklin, and Redd. At the other end, the basement dwellers are, from the bottom, Alternative, MLK, Fairfield Court, Carver, Boushall, Wythe, and Henderson.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-3.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-3.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">As to Not ED, Open, Community, Munford, Fox, and Ginter Park beat the state median. Boushall, MLK, Wythe, Greene, Henderson, Elkhardt-Thompson, and Blackwell all scored below 50%.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">These data emphasize the huge spreads between Richmond’s best and worst schools as well as the stunning <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8098" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">under-performance</a> of flocks of Richmond’s students.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">For the record, here are the data, sorted by decreasing averages of the four data points. The “#DIV/0!” entries are for cases where the student count was zero or, more likely, <a href="https://calaf.org/www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/.../bat-suppression-rules.docx" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">suppressed</a> by VDOE because it was <10.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image-4.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="806" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/image_thumb-4.png" style="background-image: none; 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color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"><div class="inside-article" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 40px;"><header class="entry-header" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="border: 0px; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8139" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Region 7 Addendum</span></a></h2><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2020-12-30T07:52:10-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">December 30, 2020</time></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cranky</span></a></span></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">We <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7921" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">have seen</a> that the divisions in SW Virginia (“<a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/directories/school_divisions/division_info_by_regions.shtml" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Region 7</a>” in the VDOE system) formed their own organization, the <a href="https://www.cip.education/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Comprehensive Instructional Program</a> (“CIP”), that brought nice improvements in student performance.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">While we wait to see whether the Board of “<a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7162" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Education</a>” will punt on the 2021 SOL testing, I’ve been looking over the 2019 data (there being no tests in 2020). The data for Region 7 paint a lovely picture.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">You may recall that, since undertaking the CIP, Region 7 has seen major improvements in the pass rates of its <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/data_definitions.shtml#disadvantaged" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">economically disadvantaged</a> (“ED”) students.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><img alt="image" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/image_thumb-12.png" style="display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><img alt="image" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/image_thumb-13.png" style="display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br />They accomplished this with a large and increasing <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7921" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">ED population</a>.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><img alt="image" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/image_thumb-20.png" style="display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">To put the 2019 results in a more nuanced context, let’s start with the <a href="https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex/f?p=152:1:1281527472650:::::" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">school average reading pass rates</a> for the Not ED students.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-14.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-14.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The blue bars are the counts of Virginia schools with the indicated 2019 pass rates of Not ED students (rounded to the nearest whole nubers). Thus, one school (Fairfax County Adult High) turned in a 13% pass rate(!) and 102 schools had 88% rates. The red-bounded bars are Region 7, left open to allow the state numbers to show through. The Region 7 scale is on the right vertical axis. The lowest school there turned in a 69 while 11 schools had 91% rates. (Excel reports for “multiple items” when you tell it to report data for more than one division; please read that term as “Region 7.”) </span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The usual statistical measures, mean and standard deviation, are of limited use with skewed distributions so I show the medians here. Of course, as a distribution approaches “normal,” the median approach the mean. In any case, these are medians of the school averages, not division medians.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">If you think the Not ED pass rates for Region 7 schools are a pleasant bit of news, take a look at the ED numbers:</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-15.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-15.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here, the Region 7 median is ten points higher than the state. Or you might prefer to ignore those stats and just look at the lovely picture.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The math data similarly testify to the success of the CIP.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-16.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-16.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-17.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="469" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-17.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p align="left" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">It is instructive to compare the (manifestly sensible) techniques <a href="https://www.baconsrebellion.com/wp/cip-the-secret-to-sw-virginia-schools-success/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">used by the CIP</a> with the <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7938" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">resolutely ineffective</a> bureaucratic nonsense imposed by the “education” establishment. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://www.baconsrebellion.com/wp/cip-the-secret-to-sw-virginia-schools-success/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">The CIP</a>:</span></p><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"></p><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Identify the good teachers,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Share their materials and techniques,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Measure what works,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Focus on core skills,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Set high expectations,</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Bond with the students, and</span></li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Use the <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7718" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">feckless VDOE</a> only for what<br />it actually can do well: crunch numbers.</span></li><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"></p></ul><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The state, here the Petersburg <a href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/boe/meetings/2016/10-oct/agenda-items/item-i.pdf" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Corrective Action Plan</a> (for a division that the state has been attempting to repair, <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7707" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">without success</a>, since 2004):</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-18.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="348" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-18.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="482" /></a><br />I think it is past time to redirect the education bureaucracy to what it can do well, crunch numbers, and give the rest of its budget to the CIP.</span></p></div><footer class="entry-meta" style="color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;"><span class="cat-links" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="screen-reader-text" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(50%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Categories </span></span><a href="https://calaf.org/?cat=1" rel="category" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Uncategorized</span></a></span></footer></div></article><article class="post-8127 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized" id="post-8127" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" style="caret-color: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #3a3a3a; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 20px;"><div class="inside-article" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 40px;"><header class="entry-header" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="border: 0px; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8127" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">More Money and Less Education in Richmond</span></a></h2><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; font-size: 14.449999809265137px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2020-12-27T09:57:25-05:00" itemprop="datePublished">December 27, 2020</time></span> <span class="byline" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://calaf.org/?author=1" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="border: 0px; color: #595959; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;" title="View all posts by cranky"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cranky</span></a></span></span></span></div></header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">On the subject of spending for schools, the VDOE <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">Web Site</a> has 2019 data for division <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/supts_annual_report/2018-19/final-fy19-table-15.xlsm" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">income by source</a> and <a href="https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex/f?p=180:1:2178674706293:::::" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">fall enrollments</a> of both <a href="https://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/data_definitions.shtml#disadvantaged" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">economically disadvantaged</a> (“ED”) students and their more affluent peers (“Not ED”).</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The division income totals per student, plotted against the % of ED enrollment, looks like this:</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-10.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="418" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-10.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Richmond is the enlarged, yellow point. The red points are, from the left, the peer cities Newport News, Hampton, and Norfolk.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The fitted line suggests that per student division income increases by $68 for a 10% increase in the ED percentage but the R-squared value tells us the variables are uncorrelated.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Richmond is in 15th place in this find-the-money derby.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-11.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="411" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-11.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="314" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In terms of local funding, Richmond again is above average but down in 27th place.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-12.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="403" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-12.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The R-squared value of 7% suggests a slight correlation between local funding and % ED, but in the <u>decreasing</u> direction.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The other funding sources present a more interesting picture.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-13.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="image" border="0" height="413" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-13.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="image" width="595" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">State funding shows a modest correlation, R-squared = 22%, while the federal data exhibit a more robust R-squared of 42%. Funding in both categories increases with increasing % ED. Richmond is well below the fitted curve for state funding, with part of that gap closed by Uncle Sam.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The Sales Tax funding is essentially flat.</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Looking again at just the Big Winners:</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/clip_image001.png" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><img alt="clip_image001" border="0" height="345" loading="lazy" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/clip_image001_thumb.png" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" title="clip_image001" width="504" /></span></a></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Here we see that larger than average local taxes support the effort in every case while the State accounts for some of the excess in Highland and Sussex and the federales do so in Surry, Sussex, and Richmond. </span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Of course, once that money comes in the divisions spend it. We <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8098" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">earlier</a> saw the expenditure data juxtaposed with Richmond’s lousy performance:</span></p><p align="center" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><img alt="image" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb.png" style="display: block; float: none; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">If only Richmond would stop <a href="https://www.baconsrebellion.com/wp/kamras-feeds-a-false-narrative/" style="border: 0px; color: #7100e2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.1s, 0.1s; transition-property: color, background-color; transition-timing-function: ease-in-out, ease-in-out; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out;">whinging about money</a> and start educating its schoolchildren.</span></p></div></div></article>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-789218253576431164.post-74802700594322859632020-12-22T14:48:00.003-05:002020-12-23T08:51:22.311-05:00<span><blockquote><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: x-large;">Money Don’t Buy You Learning</span><br /></blockquote><blockquote><p><span style="font-size: large;">By John R. Butcher </span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>December 22, 2020 by <a href="https://calaf.org/?author=1">cranky</a></p></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">It’s December. The Generous Assembly is about to return and the demands for <a href="https://doe.virginia.gov/boe/reports/annual_reports/2020-annual-report-final.docx">more education funding</a> [see Executive Summary at p.4] resound throughout the Commonwealth.<br /><br />The data would suggest that these demands are misplaced.<br /><br />VDOE won’t post the 2020 expenditure data until sometime this Spring and there were no 2020 SOLs, so we’ll use the 2019 <a href="https://doe.virginia.gov/statistics_reports/supts_annual_report/2018-19/table-13-fy19.xlsx">expenditure</a> and <a href="https://p1pe.doe.virginia.gov/apex/f?p=152:1:9264757426173:SHOW_REPORT::::">SOL</a> data. The expenditure numbers below are the those for “day school operation” (the sum of Administration, Instruction, Attendance and Health Services, Pupil Transportation, and O&M spending). Student counts are the year-end average daily membership.<br /><br />One wrinkle: Statewide, “<a href="http://www.doe.virginia.gov/info_management/data_collection/student_record_collection/bat-data-dictionary.docx">economically disadvantaged</a>” (here, “ED”) students <a href="https://calaf.org/?p=6760">underperform</a> their more affluent peers (“Not ED”) by some 17 to 22 points, depending on the subject. Thus the division average pass rates depend both on student performance and the relative numbers of ED and Not ED students. We’ll avoid that issue here by looking at the rates for both groups.<br /><br />Here, then, are the division average reading pass rates for the two groups plotted v. the division day school expenditure per student.</span><br /><br /><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image.png" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb.png" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Richmond is the enlarged points with yellow fill. The red-filled points are, from the left, the peer cities Hampton, Norfolk, and Newport News.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The fitted lines suggest that performance of the Not ED students increases slightly with expenditure (about 2% per $10,000) while the ED scores decrease (ca. 4% per $10,000). The R-squared values, however, tell us there is only a minuscule correlation between the pass rates and the expenditures. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">We can get a clearer view of the data for Richmond and the peer cities by expanding the axis to hide the Very Big Spenders.</span><br /><br /><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-1.png" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-1.png" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-2.png" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-2.png" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">Need I say it? Richmond is spending well above average money and obtaining lousy results for both groups of students.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">The math data tell the same story: More Money doesn’t correlate with more learning and the Richmond pass rates are awful.</span><br /><br /><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-3.png" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-3.png" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-4.png" style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image_thumb-4.png" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">As a pleasant contrast to that bad news, the (locally created and run) </span><a href="https://www.baconsrebellion.com/wp/cip-the-secret-to-sw-virginia-schools-success/" style="font-size: x-large;">Comprehensive Instructional Plan</a><span style="font-size: large;"> has produced remarkable gains in the Southwest:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><img src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/image-12.png" /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><img src="https://calaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/image_thumb-13.png" /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;">They’ve </span><a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7938" style="font-size: x-large;">told us</a><span style="font-size: large;"> how they achieved this: </span><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Identify the good teachers,</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Share their materials and techniques,</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Measure what works,</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Focus on core skills,</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Set high expectations,</span></li><li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bond with the students, and</span></li><li><span style="font-size: large;">Use the </span><a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7718" style="font-size: x-large;">feckless VDOE</a><span style="font-size: large;"> only for what it actually can do well: crunch numbers.</span></li></ul><br /><span style="font-size: large;">While the Generous Assembly is in town perhaps they will consider taking the school improvement budget that is </span><a href="https://calaf.org/?p=7429" style="font-size: x-large;">wasted at VDOE</a><span style="font-size: large;"> and giving it to the </span><a href="https://www.cip.education/" style="font-size: x-large;">CIP</a><span style="font-size: large;">, where they know how to get results.</span></blockquote><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://calaf.org/?p=8075"></a></span></span><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0